Apparatus, system and method of communicating a physical layer protocol data unit (PPDU)

ABSTRACT

For example, an EDMG STA may generate an LDPC coded bit stream for a user based on data bits for the user in an EDMG PPDU, the LDPC coded bit stream for the user including a concatenation of a plurality of LDPC codewords, a count of the plurality of LDPC codewords is based at least on a codeword length for the user and on a code rate for the user; generate encoded and padded bits for the user by concatenating the LDPC coded bit stream with a plurality of coded pad zero bits, a count of the coded pad zero bits is based at least on a count of one or more spatial streams for the user and on the count of the plurality of LDPC codewords for the user; and distribute the encoded and padded bits for the user to the one or more spatial streams for the user.

CROSS REFERENCE

This application claims the benefit of and priority from U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/573,797 entitled “Apparatus,System and Method of Communicating a Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit(PPDU)”, filed Oct. 18, 2017, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.62/573,802 entitled “Apparatus, System and Method of Communicating aPhysical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU)”, filed Oct. 18, 2017, U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/576,796 entitled “Apparatus,System and Method of Communicating a Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit(PPDU)”, filed Oct. 25, 2017, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.62/576,805 entitled “Apparatus, System and Method of Communicating aPhysical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU)”, filed Oct. 25, 2017, U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/576,811 entitled “Apparatus,System and Method of Communicating a Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit(PPDU)”, filed Oct. 25, 2017, and U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 62/576,818 entitled “Apparatus, System and Method of Communicating aPhysical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU)”, filed Oct. 25, 2017, theentire disclosures of all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Embodiments described herein generally relate to communicating aPhysical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU).

BACKGROUND

A wireless communication network in a millimeter-wave band may providehigh-speed data access for users of wireless communication devices.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

For simplicity and clarity of illustration, elements shown in thefigures have not necessarily been drawn to scale. For example, thedimensions of some of the elements may be exaggerated relative to otherelements for clarity of presentation. Furthermore, reference numeralsmay be repeated among the figures to indicate corresponding or analogouselements. The figures are listed below.

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram illustration of a system, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of an Enhanced DirectionalMulti-Gigabit (EDMG) Physical Layer Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) format,which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a Single User (SU) transmitterarchitecture to illustrate one or more transmitter functionalities,which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a Multi User (MU) transmitterarchitecture to illustrate one or more transmitter functionalities,which may be implemented in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments.

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of an SU transmitter architectureaccording to an encoding scheme, in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments.

FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of an MU transmitter architectureaccording to an encoding scheme, in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments.

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of an SU transmitter architectureaccording to an encoding scheme, in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments.

FIG. 8 is a schematic illustration of an MU transmitter architectureaccording to an encoding scheme, in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments.

FIG. 9 is a schematic flow-chart illustration of a method ofcommunicating a PPDU, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

FIG. 10 is a schematic illustration of a product of manufacture, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following detailed description, numerous specific details are setforth in order to provide a thorough understanding of some embodiments.However, it will be understood by persons of ordinary skill in the artthat some embodiments may be practiced without these specific details.In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, unitsand/or circuits have not been described in detail so as not to obscurethe discussion.

Discussions herein utilizing terms such as, for example, “processing”,“computing”, “calculating”, “determining”, “establishing”, “analyzing”,“checking”, or the like, may refer to operation(s) and/or process(es) ofa computer, a computing platform, a computing system, or otherelectronic computing device, that manipulate and/or transform datarepresented as physical (e.g., electronic) quantities within thecomputer's registers and/or memories into other data similarlyrepresented as physical quantities within the computer's registersand/or memories or other information storage medium that may storeinstructions to perform operations and/or processes.

The terms “plurality” and “a plurality”, as used herein, include, forexample, “multiple” or “two or more”. For example, “a plurality ofitems” includes two or more items.

References to “one embodiment”, “an embodiment”, “demonstrativeembodiment”, “various embodiments” etc., indicate that the embodiment(s)so described may include a particular feature, structure, orcharacteristic, but not every embodiment necessarily includes theparticular feature, structure, or characteristic. Further, repeated useof the phrase “in one embodiment” does not necessarily refer to the sameembodiment, although it may.

As used herein, unless otherwise specified the use of the ordinaladjectives “first”, “second”, “third” etc., to describe a common object,merely indicate that different instances of like objects are beingreferred to, and are not intended to imply that the objects so describedmust be in a given sequence, either temporally, spatially, in ranking,or in any other manner.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with various devices andsystems, for example, a User Equipment (UE), a Mobile Device (MD), awireless station (STA), a Personal Computer (PC), a desktop computer, amobile computer, a laptop computer, a notebook computer, a tabletcomputer, a server computer, a handheld computer, a handheld device, awearable device, a sensor device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, aPersonal Digital Assistant (PDA) device, a handheld PDA device, anon-board device, an off-board device, a hybrid device, a vehiculardevice, a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a consumerdevice, a non-mobile or non-portable device, a wireless communicationstation, a wireless communication device, a wireless Access Point (AP),a wired or wireless router, a wired or wireless modem, a video device,an audio device, an audio-video (A/V) device, a wired or wirelessnetwork, a wireless area network, a Wireless Video Area Network (WVAN),a Local Area Network (LAN), a Wireless LAN (WLAN), a Personal AreaNetwork (PAN), a Wireless PAN (WPAN), and the like.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with devices and/or networksoperating in accordance with existing IEEE 802.11 standards (includingIEEE 802.11-2016 (IEEE 802.11-2016, IEEE Standard for Informationtechnology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systemsLocal and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements Part 11:Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)Specifications, Dec. 7, 2016); and/or IEEE 802.11ay (P802.11ay/D1.0Draft Standard for Information Technology—Telecommunications andInformation Exchange Between Systems—Local and Metropolitan AreaNetworks—Specific Requirements Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium AccessControl (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications Amendment 7:Enhanced Throughput for Operation in License-Exempt Bands Above 45 GHz,November 2017)) and/or future versions and/or derivatives thereof,devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existing WFAPeer-to-Peer (P2P) specifications (WiFi P2P technical specification,version 1.7, Jul. 6, 2016) and/or future versions and/or derivativesthereof, devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existingWireless-Gigabit-Alliance (WGA) specifications (including WirelessGigabit Alliance, Inc WiGig MAC and PHY Specification Version 1.1, April2011, Final specification) and/or future versions and/or derivativesthereof, devices and/or networks operating in accordance with existingcellular specifications and/or protocols, e.g., 3rd GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP), 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) and/or futureversions and/or derivatives thereof, units and/or devices which are partof the above networks, and the like.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one way and/or two-wayradio communication systems, cellular radio-telephone communicationsystems, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a wireless telephone, aPersonal Communication Systems (PCS) device, a PDA device whichincorporates a wireless communication device, a mobile or portableGlobal Positioning System (GPS) device, a device which incorporates aGPS receiver or transceiver or chip, a device which incorporates an RFIDelement or chip, a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) transceiver ordevice, a Single Input Multiple Output (SIMO) transceiver or device, aMultiple Input Single Output (MISO) transceiver or device, a devicehaving one or more internal antennas and/or external antennas, DigitalVideo Broadcast (DVB) devices or systems, multi-standard radio devicesor systems, a wired or wireless handheld device, e.g., a Smartphone, aWireless Application Protocol (WAP) device, or the like.

Some embodiments may be used in conjunction with one or more types ofwireless communication signals and/or systems, for example, RadioFrequency (RF), Infra Red (IR), Frequency-Division Multiplexing (FDM),Orthogonal FDM (OFDM), Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access(OFDMA), FDM Time-Division Multiplexing (TDM), Time-Division MultipleAccess (TDMA), Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO), Spatial Division MultipleAccess (SDMA), Extended TDMA (E-TDMA), General Packet Radio Service(GPRS), extended GPRS, Code-Division Multiple Access (CDMA), WidebandCDMA (WCDMA), CDMA 2000, single-carrier CDMA, multi-carrier CDMA,Multi-Carrier Modulation (MDM), Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT), Bluetooth®,Global Positioning System (GPS), Wi-Fi, Wi-Max, ZigBee™, Ultra-Wideband(UWB), Global System for Mobile communication (GSM), 2G, 2.5G, 3G, 3.5G,4G, Fifth Generation (5G), or Sixth Generation (6G) mobile networks,3GPP, Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE advanced, Enhanced Data rates forGSM Evolution (EDGE), or the like. Other embodiments may be used invarious other devices, systems and/or networks.

The term “wireless device”, as used herein, includes, for example, adevice capable of wireless communication, a communication device capableof wireless communication, a communication station capable of wirelesscommunication, a portable or non-portable device capable of wirelesscommunication, or the like. In some demonstrative embodiments, awireless device may be or may include a peripheral that is integratedwith a computer, or a peripheral that is attached to a computer. In somedemonstrative embodiments, the term “wireless device” may optionallyinclude a wireless service.

The term “communicating” as used herein with respect to a communicationsignal includes transmitting the communication signal and/or receivingthe communication signal. For example, a communication unit, which iscapable of communicating a communication signal, may include atransmitter to transmit the communication signal to at least one othercommunication unit, and/or a communication receiver to receive thecommunication signal from at least one other communication unit. Theverb communicating may be used to refer to the action of transmitting orthe action of receiving. In one example, the phrase “communicating asignal” may refer to the action of transmitting the signal by a firstdevice, and may not necessarily include the action of receiving thesignal by a second device. In another example, the phrase “communicatinga signal” may refer to the action of receiving the signal by a firstdevice, and may not necessarily include the action of transmitting thesignal by a second device. The communication signal may be transmittedand/or received, for example, in the form of Radio Frequency (RF)communication signals, and/or any other type of signal.

As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to, be part of, orinclude, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), anintegrated circuit, an electronic circuit, a processor (shared,dedicated, or group), and/or memory (shared, dedicated, or group), thatexecute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logiccircuit, and/or other suitable hardware components that provide thedescribed functionality. In some embodiments, the circuitry may beimplemented in, or functions associated with the circuitry may beimplemented by, one or more software or firmware modules. In someembodiments, circuitry may include logic, at least partially operable inhardware.

The term “logic” may refer, for example, to computing logic embedded incircuitry of a computing apparatus and/or computing logic stored in amemory of a computing apparatus. For example, the logic may beaccessible by a processor of the computing apparatus to execute thecomputing logic to perform computing functions and/or operations. In oneexample, logic may be embedded in various types of memory and/orfirmware, e.g., silicon blocks of various chips and/or processors. Logicmay be included in, and/or implemented as part of, various circuitry,e.g. radio circuitry, receiver circuitry, control circuitry, transmittercircuitry, transceiver circuitry, processor circuitry, and/or the like.In one example, logic may be embedded in volatile memory and/ornon-volatile memory, including random access memory, read only memory,programmable memory, magnetic memory, flash memory, persistent memory,and the like. Logic may be executed by one or more processors usingmemory, e.g., registers, stuck, buffers, and/or the like, coupled to theone or more processors, e.g., as necessary to execute the logic.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be used in conjunction with a WLAN,e.g., a WiFi network. Other embodiments may be used in conjunction withany other suitable wireless communication network, for example, awireless area network, a “piconet”, a WPAN, a WVAN and the like.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be used in conjunction with awireless communication network communicating over a frequency band above45 Gigahertz (GHz), e.g., 60 GHz. However, other embodiments may beimplemented utilizing any other suitable wireless communicationfrequency bands, for example, an Extremely High Frequency (EHF) band(the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency band), e.g., a frequency bandwithin the frequency band of between 20 Ghz and 300 GHz, a frequencyband above 45 GHz, a 5G frequency band, a frequency band below 20 GHz,e.g., a Sub 1 GHz (S1G) band, a 2.4 GHz band, a 5 GHz band, a WLANfrequency band, a WPAN frequency band, a frequency band according to theWGA specification, and the like.

The term “antenna”, as used herein, may include any suitableconfiguration, structure and/or arrangement of one or more antennaelements, components, units, assemblies and/or arrays. In someembodiments, the antenna may implement transmit and receivefunctionalities using separate transmit and receive antenna elements. Insome embodiments, the antenna may implement transmit and receivefunctionalities using common and/or integrated transmit/receiveelements. The antenna may include, for example, a phased array antenna,a single element antenna, a set of switched beam antennas, and/or thelike.

The phrases “directional multi-gigabit (DMG)” and “directional band”(DBand), as used herein, may relate to a frequency band wherein theChannel starting frequency is above 45 GHz. In one example, DMGcommunications may involve one or more directional links to communicateat a rate of multiple gigabits per second, for example, at least 1Gigabit per second, e.g., at least 7 Gigabit per second, at least 30Gigabit per second, or any other rate.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be implemented by a DMG STA (alsoreferred to as a “mmWave STA (mSTA)”), which may include for example, aSTA having a radio transmitter, which is capable of operating on achannel that is within the DMG band. The DMG STA may perform otheradditional or alternative functionality. Other embodiments may beimplemented by any other apparatus, device and/or station.

Reference is made to FIG. 1 , which schematically illustrates a system100, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

As shown in FIG. 1 , in some demonstrative embodiments, system 100 mayinclude one or more wireless communication devices. For example, system100 may include a wireless communication device 102, a wirelesscommunication device 140, and/or one more other devices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may include amobile device or a non-mobile, e.g., a static, device.

For example, devices 102 and/or 140 may include, for example, a UE, anMD, a STA, an AP, a PC, a desktop computer, a mobile computer, a laptopcomputer, an Ultrabook® computer, a notebook computer, a tabletcomputer, a server computer, a handheld computer, an Internet of Things(IoT) device, a sensor device, a handheld device, a wearable device, aPDA device, a handheld PDA device, an on-board device, an off-boarddevice, a hybrid device (e.g., combining cellular phone functionalitieswith PDA device functionalities), a consumer device, a vehicular device,a non-vehicular device, a mobile or portable device, a non-mobile ornon-portable device, a mobile phone, a cellular telephone, a PCS device,a PDA device which incorporates a wireless communication device, amobile or portable GPS device, a DVB device, a relatively smallcomputing device, a non-desktop computer, a “Carry Small Live Large”(CSLL) device, an Ultra Mobile Device (UMD), an Ultra Mobile PC (UMPC),a Mobile Internet Device (MID), an “Origami” device or computing device,a device that supports Dynamically Composable Computing (DCC), acontext-aware device, a video device, an audio device, an A/V device, aSet-Top-Box (STB), a Blu-ray disc (BD) player, a BD recorder, a DigitalVideo Disc (DVD) player, a High Definition (HD) DVD player, a DVDrecorder, a HD DVD recorder, a Personal Video Recorder (PVR), abroadcast HD receiver, a video source, an audio source, a video sink, anaudio sink, a stereo tuner, a broadcast radio receiver, a flat paneldisplay, a Personal Media Player (PMP), a digital video camera (DVC), adigital audio player, a speaker, an audio receiver, an audio amplifier,a gaming device, a data source, a data sink, a Digital Still camera(DSC), a media player, a Smartphone, a television, a music player, orthe like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include, for example,one or more of a processor 191, an input unit 192, an output unit 193, amemory unit 194, and/or a storage unit 195; and/or device 140 mayinclude, for example, one or more of a processor 181, an input unit 182,an output unit 183, a memory unit 184, and/or a storage unit 185.Devices 102 and/or 140 may optionally include other suitable hardwarecomponents and/or software components. In some demonstrativeembodiments, some or all of the components of one or more of devices 102and/or 140 may be enclosed in a common housing or packaging, and may beinterconnected or operably associated using one or more wired orwireless links. In other embodiments, components of one or more ofdevices 102 and/or 140 may be distributed among multiple or separatedevices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, processor 191 and/or processor 181may include, for example, a Central Processing Unit (CPU), a DigitalSignal Processor (DSP), one or more processor cores, a single-coreprocessor, a dual-core processor, a multiple-core processor, amicroprocessor, a host processor, a controller, a plurality ofprocessors or controllers, a chip, a microchip, one or more circuits,circuitry, a logic unit, an Integrated Circuit (IC), anApplication-Specific IC (ASIC), or any other suitable multi-purpose orspecific processor or controller. Processor 191 may executeinstructions, for example, of an Operating System (OS) of device 102and/or of one or more suitable applications. Processor 181 may executeinstructions, for example, of an Operating System (OS) of device 140and/or of one or more suitable applications.

In some demonstrative embodiments, input unit 192 and/or input unit 182may include, for example, a keyboard, a keypad, a mouse, a touch-screen,a touch-pad, a track-ball, a stylus, a microphone, or other suitablepointing device or input device. Output unit 193 and/or output unit 183may include, for example, a monitor, a screen, a touch-screen, a flatpanel display, a Light Emitting Diode (LED) display unit, a LiquidCrystal Display (LCD) display unit, a plasma display unit, one or moreaudio speakers or earphones, or other suitable output devices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, memory unit 194 and/or memory unit184 includes, for example, a Random Access Memory (RAM), a Read OnlyMemory (ROM), a Dynamic RAM (DRAM), a Synchronous DRAM (SD-RAM), a flashmemory, a volatile memory, a non-volatile memory, a cache memory, abuffer, a short term memory unit, a long term memory unit, or othersuitable memory units. Storage unit 195 and/or storage unit 185 mayinclude, for example, a hard disk drive, a floppy disk drive, a CompactDisk (CD) drive, a CD-ROM drive, a DVD drive, or other suitableremovable or non-removable storage units. Memory unit 194 and/or storageunit 195, for example, may store data processed by device 102. Memoryunit 184 and/or storage unit 185, for example, may store data processedby device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, wireless communication devices 102and/or 140 may be capable of communicating content, data, informationand/or signals via a wireless medium (WM) 103. In some demonstrativeembodiments, wireless medium 103 may include, for example, a radiochannel, a cellular channel, an RF channel, a WiFi channel, a 5Gchannel, an IR channel, a Bluetooth (BT) channel, a Global NavigationSatellite System (GNSS) Channel, and the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, WM 103 may include one or moredirectional bands and/or channels. For example, WM 103 may include oneor more millimeter-wave (mmWave) wireless communication bands and/orchannels.

In some demonstrative embodiments, WM 103 may include one or more DMGchannels. In other embodiments WM 103 may include any other directionalchannels.

In other embodiments, WM 103 may include any other type of channel overany other frequency band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 mayinclude one or more radios including circuitry and/or logic to performwireless communication between devices 102, 140 and/or one or more otherwireless communication devices. For example, device 102 may include atleast one radio 114, and/or device 140 may include at least one radio144.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radio 114 and/or radio 144 mayinclude one or more wireless receivers (Rx) including circuitry and/orlogic to receive wireless communication signals, RF signals, frames,blocks, transmission streams, packets, messages, data items, and/ordata. For example, radio 114 may include at least one receiver 116,and/or radio 144 may include at least one receiver 146.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radio 114 and/or radio 144 mayinclude one or more wireless transmitters (Tx) including circuitryand/or logic to transmit wireless communication signals, RF signals,frames, blocks, transmission streams, packets, messages, data items,and/or data. For example, radio 114 may include at least one transmitter118, and/or radio 144 may include at least one transmitter 148.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radio 114 and/or radio 144,transmitters 118 and/or 148, and/or receivers 116 and/or 146 may includecircuitry; logic; Radio Frequency (RF) elements, circuitry and/or logic;baseband elements, circuitry and/or logic; modulation elements,circuitry and/or logic; demodulation elements, circuitry and/or logic;amplifiers; analog to digital and/or digital to analog converters;filters; and/or the like. For example, radio 114 and/or radio 144 mayinclude or may be implemented as part of a wireless Network InterfaceCard (NIC), and the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radios 114 and/or 144 may beconfigured to communicate over a directional band, for example, anmmWave band, a 5G band, and/or any other band, for example, a 2.4 GHzband, a 5 GHz band, a S1G band, and/or any other band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, radios 114 and/or 144 may include, ormay be associated with one or more, e.g., a plurality of, directionalantennas.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include one or more,e.g., a plurality of, directional antennas 107, and/or device 140 mayinclude on or more, e.g., a plurality of, directional antennas 147.

Antennas 107 and/or 147 may include any type of antennas suitable fortransmitting and/or receiving wireless communication signals, blocks,frames, transmission streams, packets, messages and/or data. Forexample, antennas 107 and/or 147 may include any suitable configuration,structure and/or arrangement of one or more antenna elements,components, units, assemblies and/or arrays. Antennas 107 and/or 147 mayinclude, for example, antennas suitable for directional communication,e.g., using beamforming techniques. For example, antennas 107 and/or 147may include a phased array antenna, a multiple element antenna, a set ofswitched beam antennas, and/or the like. In some embodiments, antennas107 and/or 147 may implement transmit and receive functionalities usingseparate transmit and receive antenna elements. In some embodiments,antennas 107 and/or 147 may implement transmit and receivefunctionalities using common and/or integrated transmit/receiveelements.

In some demonstrative embodiments, antennas 107 and/or 147 may includedirectional antennas, which may be steered to one or more beamdirections. For example, antennas 107 may be steered to one or more beamdirections 135, and/or antennas 147 may be steered to one or more beamdirections 145.

In some demonstrative embodiments, antennas 107 and/or 147 may includeand/or may be implemented as part of a single Phased Antenna Array(PAA).

In some demonstrative embodiments, antennas 107 and/or 147 may beimplemented as part of a plurality of PAAs, for example, as a pluralityof physically independent PAAs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a PAA may include, for example, arectangular geometry, e.g., including an integer number, denoted M, ofrows, and an integer number, denoted N, of columns. In otherembodiments, any other types of antennas and/or antenna arrays may beused.

In some demonstrative embodiments, antennas 107 and/or antennas 147 maybe connected to, and/or associated with, one or more Radio Frequency(RF) chains.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include one or more,e.g., a plurality of, RF chains 109 connected to, and/or associatedwith, antennas 107.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more of RF chains 109 may beincluded as part of, and/or implemented as part of one or more elementsof radio 114, e.g., as part of transmitter 118 and/or receiver 116.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may include one or more,e.g., a plurality of, RF chains 149 connected to, and/or associatedwith, antennas 147.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more of RF chains 149 may beincluded as part of, and/or implemented as part of one or more elementsof radio 144, e.g., as part of transmitter 148 and/or receiver 146.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include a controller124, and/or device 140 may include a controller 154. Controller 124 maybe configured to perform and/or to trigger, cause, instruct and/orcontrol device 102 to perform, one or more communications, to generateand/or communicate one or more messages and/or transmissions, and/or toperform one or more functionalities, operations and/or proceduresbetween devices 102, 140 and/or one or more other devices; and/orcontroller 154 may be configured to perform, and/or to trigger, cause,instruct and/or control device 140 to perform, one or morecommunications, to generate and/or communicate one or more messagesand/or transmissions, and/or to perform one or more functionalities,operations and/or procedures between devices 102, 140 and/or one or moreother devices, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controllers 124 and/or 154 mayinclude, or may be implemented, partially or entirely, by circuitryand/or logic, e.g., one or more processors including circuitry and/orlogic, memory circuitry and/or logic, Media-Access Control (MAC)circuitry and/or logic, Physical Layer (PHY) circuitry and/or logic,baseband (BB) circuitry and/or logic, a BB processor, a BB memory,Application Processor (AP) circuitry and/or logic, an AP processor, anAP memory, and/or any other circuitry and/or logic, configured toperform the functionality of controllers 124 and/or 154, respectively.Additionally or alternatively, one or more functionalities ofcontrollers 124 and/or 154 may be implemented by logic, which may beexecuted by a machine and/or one or more processors, e.g., as describedbelow.

In one example, controller 124 may include circuitry and/or logic, forexample, one or more processors including circuitry and/or logic, tocause, trigger and/or control a wireless device, e.g., device 102,and/or a wireless station, e.g., a wireless STA implemented by device102, to perform one or more operations, communications and/orfunctionalities, e.g., as described herein. In one example, controller124 may include at least one memory, e.g., coupled to the one or moreprocessors, which may be configured, for example, to store, e.g., atleast temporarily, at least some of the information processed by the oneor more processors and/or circuitry, and/or which may be configured tostore logic to be utilized by the processors and/or circuitry.

In one example, controller 154 may include circuitry and/or logic, forexample, one or more processors including circuitry and/or logic, tocause, trigger and/or control a wireless device, e.g., device 140,and/or a wireless station, e.g., a wireless STA implemented by device140, to perform one or more operations, communications and/orfunctionalities, e.g., as described herein. In one example, controller154 may include at least one memory, e.g., coupled to the one or moreprocessors, which may be configured, for example, to store, e.g., atleast temporarily, at least some of the information processed by the oneor more processors and/or circuitry, and/or which may be configured tostore logic to be utilized by the processors and/or circuitry.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality ofcontroller 124 may be implemented as part of one or more elements ofradio 114, and/or at least part of the functionality of controller 154may be implemented as part of one or more elements of radio 144.

In other embodiments, the functionality of controller 124 may beimplemented as part of any other element of device 102, and/or thefunctionality of controller 154 may be implemented as part of any otherelement of device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may include a messageprocessor 128 configured to generate, process and/or access one ormessages communicated by device 102.

In one example, message processor 128 may be configured to generate oneor more messages to be transmitted by device 102, and/or messageprocessor 128 may be configured to access and/or to process one or moremessages received by device 102, e.g., as described below.

In one example, message processor 128 may include at least one firstcomponent configured to generate a message, for example, in the form ofa frame, field, information element and/or protocol data unit, forexample, a MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU); at least one second componentconfigured to convert the message into a PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU),for example, by processing the message generated by the at least onefirst component, e.g., by encoding the message, modulating the messageand/or performing any other additional or alternative processing of themessage; and/or at least one third component configured to causetransmission of the message over a wireless communication medium, e.g.,over a wireless communication channel in a wireless communicationfrequency band, for example, by applying to one or more fields of thePPDU one or more transmit waveforms. In other embodiments, messageprocessor 128 may be configured to perform any other additional oralternative functionality and/or may include any other additional oralternative components to generate and/or process a message to betransmitted.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 140 may include a messageprocessor 158 configured to generate, process and/or access one ormessages communicated by device 140.

In one example, message processor 158 may be configured to generate oneor more messages to be transmitted by device 140, and/or messageprocessor 158 may be configured to access and/or to process one or moremessages received by device 140, e.g., as described below.

In one example, message processor 158 may include at least one firstcomponent configured to generate a message, for example, in the form ofa frame, field, information element and/or protocol data unit, forexample, a MAC Protocol Data Unit (MPDU); at least one second componentconfigured to convert the message into a PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU),for example, by processing the message generated by the at least onefirst component, e.g., by encoding the message, modulating the messageand/or performing any other additional or alternative processing of themessage; and/or at least one third component configured to causetransmission of the message over a wireless communication medium, e.g.,over a wireless communication channel in a wireless communicationfrequency band, for example, by applying to one or more fields of thePPDU one or more transmit waveforms. In other embodiments, messageprocessor 158 may be configured to perform any other additional oralternative functionality and/or may include any other additional oralternative components to generate and/or process a message to betransmitted.

In some demonstrative embodiments, message processors 128 and/or 158 mayinclude, or may be implemented, partially or entirely, by circuitryand/or logic, e.g., one or more processors including circuitry and/orlogic, memory circuitry and/or logic, Media-Access Control (MAC)circuitry and/or logic, Physical Layer (PHY) circuitry and/or logic, BBcircuitry and/or logic, a BB processor, a BB memory, AP circuitry and/orlogic, an AP processor, an AP memory, and/or any other circuitry and/orlogic, configured to perform the functionality of message processors 128and/or 158, respectively. Additionally or alternatively, one or morefunctionalities of message processors 128 and/or 158 may be implementedby logic, which may be executed by a machine and/or one or moreprocessors, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality ofmessage processor 128 may be implemented as part of radio 114, and/or atleast part of the functionality of message processor 158 may beimplemented as part of radio 144.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality ofmessage processor 128 may be implemented as part of controller 124,and/or at least part of the functionality of message processor 158 maybe implemented as part of controller 154.

In other embodiments, the functionality of message processor 128 may beimplemented as part of any other element of device 102, and/or thefunctionality of message processor 158 may be implemented as part of anyother element of device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality ofcontroller 124 and/or message processor 128 may be implemented by anintegrated circuit, for example, a chip, e.g., a System on Chip (SoC).In one example, the chip or SoC may be configured to perform one or morefunctionalities of radio 114. For example, the chip or SoC may includeone or more elements of controller 124, one or more elements of messageprocessor 128, and/or one or more elements of radio 114. In one example,controller 124, message processor 128, and radio 114 may be implementedas part of the chip or SoC.

In other embodiments, controller 124, message processor 128 and/or radio114 may be implemented by one or more additional or alternative elementsof device 102.

In some demonstrative embodiments, at least part of the functionality ofcontroller 154 and/or message processor 158 may be implemented by anintegrated circuit, for example, a chip, e.g., a System on Chip (SoC).In one example, the chip or SoC may be configured to perform one or morefunctionalities of radio 144. For example, the chip or SoC may includeone or more elements of controller 154, one or more elements of messageprocessor 158, and/or one or more elements of radio 144. In one example,controller 154, message processor 158, and radio 144 may be implementedas part of the chip or SoC.

In other embodiments, controller 154, message processor 158 and/or radio144 may be implemented by one or more additional or alternative elementsof device 140.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 mayinclude, operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of, one or more STAs. For example, device 102 mayinclude at least one STA, and/or device 140 may include at least oneSTA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 mayinclude, operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of, one or more DMG STAs. For example, device 102 mayinclude, operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of, at least one DMG STA, and/or device 140 may include,operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of, at least one DMG STA.

In other embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may include, operate as,perform the role of, and/or perform one or more functionalities of, anyother wireless device and/or station, e.g., a WLAN STA, a WiFi STA, andthe like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one or morefunctionalities of, an access point (AP), e.g., a DMG AP, and/or apersonal basic service set (PBSS) control point (PCP), e.g., a DMG PCP,for example, an AP/PCP STA, e.g., a DMG AP/PCP STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured to operate as, perform the role of, and/or perform one ormore functionalities of, a non-AP STA, e.g., a DMG non-AP STA, and/or anon-PCP STA, e.g., a DMG non-PCP STA, for example, a non-AP/PCP STA,e.g., a DMG non-AP/PCP STA.

In other embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may operate as,perform the role of, and/or perform one or more functionalities of, anyother additional or alternative device and/or station.

In one example, a station (STA) may include a logical entity that is asingly addressable instance of a medium access control (MAC) andphysical layer (PHY) interface to the wireless medium (WM). The STA mayperform any other additional or alternative functionality.

In one example, an AP may include an entity that contains a station(STA), e.g., one STA, and provides access to distribution services, viathe wireless medium (WM) for associated STAs. The AP may perform anyother additional or alternative functionality.

In one example, a personal basic service set (PBSS) control point (PCP)may include an entity that contains a STA, e.g., one station (STA), andcoordinates access to the wireless medium (WM) by STAs that are membersof a PBSS. The PCP may perform any other additional or alternativefunctionality.

In one example, a PBSS may include a directional multi-gigabit (DMG)basic service set (BSS) that includes, for example, one PBSS controlpoint (PCP). For example, access to a distribution system (DS) may notbe present, but, for example, an intra-PBSS forwarding service mayoptionally be present.

In one example, a PCP/AP STA may include a station (STA) that is atleast one of a PCP or an AP. The PCP/AP STA may perform any otheradditional or alternative functionality.

In one example, a non-AP STA may include a STA that is not containedwithin an AP. The non-AP STA may perform any other additional oralternative functionality.

In one example, a non-PCP STA may include a STA that is not a PCP. Thenon-PCP STA may perform any other additional or alternativefunctionality.

In one example, a non PCP/AP STA may include a STA that is not a PCP andthat is not an AP. The non-PCP/AP STA may perform any other additionalor alternative functionality.

In some demonstrative embodiments devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to communicate over a Next Generation 60 GHz (NG60) network,an Enhanced DMG (EDMG) network, and/or any other network. For example,devices 102 and/or 140 may perform Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO)communication, for example, for communicating over the NG60 and/or EDMGnetworks, e.g., over an NG60 or an EDMG frequency band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to operate in accordance with one or more Specifications, forexample, including one or more IEEE 802.11 Specifications, e.g., an IEEE802.11-2016 Specification, an IEEE 802.11ay Specification, and/or anyother specification and/or protocol.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be implemented, for example, as partof a new standard in an mmWave band, e.g., a 60 GHz frequency band orany other directional band, for example, as an evolution of an IEEE802.11-2016 Specification and/or an IEEE 802.11ad Specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured according to one or more standards, for example, inaccordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Standard, which may be, for example,configured to enhance the efficiency and/or performance of an IEEE802.11ad Specification, which may be configured to provide Wi-Ficonnectivity in a 60 GHz band.

Some demonstrative embodiments may enable, for example, to significantlyincrease the data transmission rates defined in the IEEE 802.11adSpecification, for example, from 7 Gigabit per second (Gbps), e.g., upto 30 Gbps, or to any other data rate, which may, for example, satisfygrowing demand in network capacity for new coming applications.

Some demonstrative embodiments may be implemented, for example, to allowincreasing a transmission data rate, for example, by applying MIMOand/or channel bonding techniques.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to communicate MIMO communications over the mmWave wirelesscommunication band.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured to support one or more mechanisms and/or features, forexample, channel bonding, Single User (SU) MIMO, and/or Multi-User (MU)MIMO, for example, in accordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Standard and/orany other standard and/or protocol.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 mayinclude, operate as, perform a role of, and/or perform the functionalityof, one or more EDMG STAs. For example, device 102 may include, operateas, perform a role of, and/or perform the functionality of, at least oneEDMG STA, and/or device 140 may include, operate as, perform a role of,and/or perform the functionality of, at least one EDMG STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may implementa communication scheme, which may include Physical layer (PHY) and/orMedia Access Control (MAC) layer schemes, for example, to support one ormore applications, and/or increased transmission data rates, e.g., datarates of up to 30 Gbps, or any other data rate.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the PHY and/or MAC layer schemes maybe configured to support frequency channel bonding over a mmWave band,e.g., over a 60 GHz band, SU MIMO techniques, and/or MU MIMO techniques.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more mechanisms, which may be configuredto enable SU and/or MU communication of Downlink (DL) and/or Uplinkframes (UL) using a MIMO scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more MU communication mechanisms. Forexample, devices 102 and/or 140 may be configured to implement one ormore MU mechanisms, which may be configured to enable MU communicationof DL frames using a MIMO scheme, for example, between a device, e.g.,device 102, and a plurality of devices, e.g., including device 140and/or one or more other devices.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to communicate over an NG60 network, an EDMG network, and/orany other network and/or any other frequency band. For example, devices102 and/or 140 may be configured to communicate DL MIMO transmissionsand/or UL MIMO transmissions, for example, for communicating over theNG60 and/or EDMG networks.

Some wireless communication Specifications, for example, the IEEE802.11ad-2012 Specification, may be configured to support a SU system,in which a STA may transmit frames to a single STA at a time. SuchSpecifications may not be able, for example, to support a STAtransmitting to multiple STAs simultaneously, for example, using aMU-MIMO scheme, e.g., a DL MU-MIMO, or any other MU scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to communicate over a channel bandwidth, e.g., of at least2.16 GHz, in a frequency band above 45 GHz.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more mechanisms, which may, for example,enable to extend a single-channel BW scheme, e.g., a scheme inaccordance with the IEEE 802.11ad Specification or any other scheme, forhigher data rates and/or increased capabilities, e.g., as describedbelow.

In one example, the single-channel BW scheme may include communicationover a 2.16 GHz channel (also referred to as a “single-channel” or a“DMG channel”).

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more channel bonding mechanisms, whichmay, for example, support communication over a channel BW (also referredto as a “wide channel”, an “EDMG channel”, or a “bonded channel”)including two or more channels, e.g., two or more 2.16 GHz channels,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the channel bonding mechanisms mayinclude, for example, a mechanism and/or an operation whereby two ormore channels, e.g., 2.16 GHz channels, can be combined, e.g., for ahigher bandwidth of packet transmission, for example, to enableachieving higher data rates, e.g., when compared to transmissions over asingle channel. Some demonstrative embodiments are described herein withrespect to communication over a channel BW including two or more 2.16GHz channels, however other embodiments may be implemented with respectto communications over a channel bandwidth, e.g., a “wide” channel,including or formed by any other number of two or more channels, forexample, an aggregated channel including an aggregation of two or morechannels.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more channel bonding mechanisms, whichmay, for example, support an increased channel bandwidth, for example, achannel BW of 4.32 GHz, a channel BW of 6.48 GHz, a channel BW of 8.64GHz, and/or any other additional or alternative channel BW, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more channel bonding mechanisms, whichmay, for example, support an increased channel bandwidth, for example, achannel BW of 4.32 GHz, e.g., including two 2.16 Ghz channels accordingto a channel bonding factor of two, a channel BW of 6.48 GHz, e.g.,including three 2.16 Ghz channels according to a channel bonding factorof three, a channel BW of 8.64 GHz, e.g., including four 2.16 Ghzchannels according to a channel bonding factor of four, and/or any otheradditional or alternative channel BW, e.g., including any other numberof 2.16 Ghz channels and/or according to any other channel bondingfactor.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured to communicate one or more transmissions over one or morechannel BWs, for example, including a channel BW of 2.16 GHz, a channelBW of 4.32 GHz, a channel BW of 6.48 GHz, a channel BW of 8.64 GHzand/or any other channel BW.

In some demonstrative embodiments, introduction of MIMO may be based,for example, on implementing robust transmission modes and/or enhancingthe reliability of data transmission, e.g., rather than the transmissionrate, compared to a Single Input Single Output (SISO) case. For example,one or more Space Time Block Coding (STBC) schemes utilizing aspace-time channel diversity property may be implemented to achieve oneor more enhancements for the MIMO transmission.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, process, transmit and/or receive a PhysicalLayer (PHY) Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) having a PPDU format (alsoreferred to as “EDMG PPDU format”), which may be configured, forexample, for communication between EDMG stations, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a PPDU, e.g., an EDMG PPDU, mayinclude at least one non-EDMG fields, e.g., a legacy field, which may beidentified, decodable, and/or processed by one or more devices(“non-EDMG devices”, or “legacy devices”), which may not support one ormore features and/or mechanisms (“non-legacy” mechanisms or “EDMGmechanisms”). For example, the legacy devices may include non-EDMGstations, which may be, for example, configured according to an IEEE802.11-2016 Standard, and the like. For example, a non-EDMG station mayinclude a DMG station, which is not an EDMG station.

Reference is made to FIG. 2 , which schematically illustrates an EDMGPPDU format 200, which may be implemented in accordance with somedemonstrative embodiments. In one example, devices 102 (FIG. 1 ) and/or140 (FIG. 1 ) may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/orprocess one or more EDMG PPDUs having the structure and/or format ofEDMG PPDU 200.

In one example, devices 102 (FIG. 1 ) and/or 140 (FIG. 1 ) maycommunicate PPDU 200, for example, as part of a transmission over achannel, e.g., an EDMG channel, having a channel bandwidth including oneor more 2.16 GHz channels, for example, including a channel BW of 2.16GHz, a channel BW of 4.32 GHz, a channel BW of 6.48 GHz, a channel BW of8.64 GHz, and/or any other channel BW, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2 , EDMG PPDU 200may include a non-EDMG portion 210 (“legacy portion”), e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2 , non-EDMG portion210 may include a non-EDMG (legacy) Short Training Field (STF) (L-STF)202, a non-EDMG (Legacy) Channel Estimation Field (CEF) (L-CEF) 204,and/or a non-EDMG header (L-header) 206.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2 , EDMG PPDU 200,may include an EDMG portion 220, for example, following non-EDMG portion210, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2 , EDMG portion 220may include a first EDMG header, e.g., an EDMG-Header-A 208, an EDMG-STF212, an EDMG-CEF 214, a second EDMG header, e.g., an EDMG-Header-B 216,a Data field 218, and/or one or more beamforming training fields, e.g.,a training (TRN) field 224.

In some demonstrative embodiments, EDMG portion 220 may include some orall of the fields shown in FIG. 2 and/or one or more other additional oralternative fields.

In some demonstrative embodiments, Header B field 216 may be included,for example, in EDMG MU PPDUs, for example, on a per STA basis.

In some demonstrative embodiments, Header B field 216 corresponding to aSTA addressed by the EDMG MU PPDU may include, for example, informationrelating to a transmission of a data unit, for example, a PHY ServiceData Unit (PSDU) to the STA.

In some demonstrative embodiments, EDMG Header B field 216 may includefor example, 64 bits, e.g., as described below. In other embodiments,the EDMG Header B field 216 may include any other number of bits.

In one example, EDMG Header B field 216 corresponding to the STA mayinclude, for example, at least a scrambler seed field, a PSDU lengthfield, e.g., to indicate a length of the PSDU to the STA, and/or one ormore Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) fields to indicate one or moreMCSs. For example, the Header B field may include first and second MCSfields to indicate MCSs for first and second respective spatial streams.

In other embodiments, EDMG Header B field 216 may include any otheradditional or alternative fields and/or information.

Referring back to FIG. 1 , in some demonstrative embodiments, devices102 and/or 140 may be configured to generate, transmit, receive and/orprocess one or more transmissions, e.g., including one or more EDMGPPDUs, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, devices 102 and/or 140may be configured to perform one or more operations, and/orfunctionalities of EDMG STA, which may be configured, for example, togenerate, transmit, receive and/or process one or more transmissions,e.g., including one or more EDMG PPDUs, e.g., including one or morefields according to the EDMG PPDU format of FIG. 2 .

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of PPDUs, for example, EDMG PPDUs, for example, SingleCarrier (SC) PPDUs and/or Orthogonal Frequency Divisional Multiplexing(OFDM) PPDUs, e.g., in accordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Specificationand/or any other specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of SC PHY PPDUs, for example, EDMG SC PHY PPDUs, forexample, according to an EDMG transmission mode for SC PHY, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of OFDM PPDUs, for example, EDMG OFDM PPDUs, for example,according to an EDMG transmission mode for OFDM PHY, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of the SC PPDUs, for example, according to a transmissionmode, which may be configured to support transmission of SC PPDUs over a2.16 GHz bandwidth, a 4.32 GHz bandwidth, a 6.48 GHz bandwidth, a 8.64GHz bandwidth, and/or any other bandwidth, for example, using one ormore space-time streams and/or one or more transmit chains and/orantennas.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of the OFDM PPDUs, for example, according to atransmission mode, which may be configured to support transmission ofOFDM PPDUs over a 2.16 GHz bandwidth, a 4.32 GHz bandwidth, a 6.48 GHzbandwidth, a 8.64 GHz bandwidth, and/or any other bandwidth, forexample, using single or multiple space-time streams and/or single ormultiple transmit chains and/or antennas.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more operations to support and/or enableSC transmission of an EDMG PPDU, for example, an EDMG SC PHY PPDU for SCPHY, e.g., in accordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Specification, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more operations to support and/or enableOFDM transmission of an EDMG PPDU, for example, an EDMG OFDM PPDU forOFDM PHY, e.g., in accordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Specification, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more operations to support SCtransmission of an EDMG PPDU, for example, according to a SC PHY EDMGPPDU transmission mode, which may be configured to support a Single User(SU) transmission mode and/or a Multi-User (MU) transmission mode, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of an EDMG SC PHY PPDU, for example, using a SU mode or aMU mode, for example, with different types of spatial mapping, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of an EDMG OFDM PHY PPDU, for example, using a SU mode ora MU mode, for example, with different types of spatial mapping, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, processing and/or communication ofthe EDMG SC PHY PPDU may be defined and/or performed based on one ormore of the following parameters, and/or one or more additional oralternative parameters:

TABLE 1 Symbol Explanation i_(SS) Spatial stream number N_(SS i) _(user)Total number of spatial streams for i_(user)-th user i_(user) Usernumber N_(user) Total number of users in a multi user transmissioni_(STS i) _(user) Space-time stream number for i_(user)-th userN_(STS i) _(user) Total number of space-time streams for i_(user)-thuser i_(STS) Space-time stream number over all users N_(STS) Totalnumber of space-time streams over all users Length_(i) _(user) PSDUlength in octets for i_(user)-th user L_(CW) LDPC codeword length inbits, it can be equal to 468, 504, 624, 672, 936, 1008, 1248, and 1344L_(CW i) _(user`) LDPC codeword length in bits for i_(user) ^(th) userL_(CWD) Number of systematic data bits per LDPC codeword L_(CWP) Numberof parity bits per LDPC codeword ρ_(i) _(user) Repetition factor fori_(user) ^(th) user; is equal to 2 for MCS 1 and equal to 1 for allother MCSs R_(i) _(user) LDPC code rate for i_(user) ^(th) user and canbe equal to ½, 5/8, 2/3, ¾, 13/16, 5/6, 7/8 N_(CW i) _(user) Totalnumber of LDPC codewords for i_(user) ^(th) user N_(DATA_PAD  i_(user))Number of pad bits for the i_(user) ^(th) user to reach an integernumber of LDPC codewords N_(BLKS i) _(user) Total number of SC symbolblocks for the i_(user) ^(th) user N_(BLKS min) Minimum number of totalSC symbol blocks for BRP PPDU transmission N_(BLK_PAD  i_(user)) Numberof pad bits for the i_(user) ^(th) user to reach an integer number of SCsymbol blocks N_(CB) Number of contiguous 2.16 GHz channels used forPPDU transmission N_(CBPB) Number of coded bits per SC symbol block;depends on modulation type and is different for different GI types.N_(CBPS i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) Number of coded bits per symbol(constellation point) for the i_(user) ^(th) user and i_(SS) ^(th)spatial stream N_(SPB) Number of symbols (constellation points) per SCsymbol block; depends on the GI type, e.g., as defined in Table 56 of anIEEE 802.11ay Specification. N_(BLKS max) Maximum number of SC symbolblocks over all users N_(PAD_BLKS  i_(user)) The number of pad SC symbolblocks for the i_(user) ^(th) user that is required to align PPDUs overdifferent users in time

In some demonstrative embodiments, some or all of the parameters ofTable 1 may be implemented, one or more parameters may be defined in adifferent manner, and/or one or more additional or alternativeparameters may be implemented.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more operations, functionalities and/orprocedures to generate one or more EDMG PPDUs, for example, SU EDMG SCPPDUs and/or MU EDMG SC PPDUs, for example, by processing a payloadincluding one or more data bits, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moreEDMG PPDUs, for example, SU EDMG SC PPDUs and/or MU EDMG SC PPDUs, forexample, according to an encoding procedure and/or scheme, which may beconfigured in accordance with a vertical MIMO encoding approach, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the vertical MIMO encoding approachmay be implemented, for example, instead of and/or to replace one ormore operations of, a horizontal MIMO encoding approach, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moreEDMG PPDUs, for example, SU EDMG SC PPDUs and/or MU EDMG SC PPDUs, forexample, according to an encoding procedure, which may be configured tosupport and/or enable the generation of EDMG SC PPDUs using a verticalapproach, e.g., as described below.

Reference is made to FIG. 3 , which schematically illustrates an SUtransmitter architecture 300 to illustrate one or more transmitterfunctionalities, which may be implemented in accordance with somedemonstrative embodiments.

For example, one or more elements of FIG. 3 may be implemented by aTransmitter to process the EDMG portion of single-user EDMG SC PPDUs.

For example, as shown in FIG. 3 , according to a horizontal encodingapproach, the generation of SU EDMG SC PPDUs may include processing thepayload (data bits), e.g., as follows:

-   -   A scrambler scrambles the data to reduce the probability of long        sequences of 0s and 1s.    -   A Stream parser divides the output of scrambler into groups        (sequences) of bits, e.g., N_(SS) sequences, that are sent to        different Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) encoders and mapping        devices. The sequence of the bits sent to a different encoder        may be referred to as a spatial stream.    -   An LDPC encoder encodes the data to enable error correction. It        makes bits padding to get an integer number of codewords and SC        symbol blocks.    -   A Constellation mapper maps the sequence of bits in each stream        to constellation points.    -   An Interleaver performs interleaving inside a SC symbol block.    -   The N_(SS) spatial streams are then converted into N_(STS)        space-time streams using a space-time block code (STBC) if STBC        is used, and a spatial mapper maps space-time streams to        transmit chains, e.g., if MIMO transmission is used.

For example, as shown in FIG. 3 , the N_(SS) spatial streams may beconverted into a plurality of space time streams, e.g., N_(STS)space-time streams, for example, using an STBC, e.g., if STBC is used,and/or any other space-time encoding, and/or a spatial mapper may beconfigured to map space-time streams to transmit chains, e.g., if MIMOtransmission is used.

For example, the encoding scheme of FIG. 3 may be referred to as ahorizontal MIMO encoding scheme, for example, since different streams,e.g., groups of bits, after the stream parser may be encodedindependently, e.g., by different and/or independent LDPC encoders.

Reference is made to FIG. 4 , which schematically illustrates an MUtransmitter architecture 400 to illustrate one or more transmitterfunctionalities, which may be implemented in accordance with somedemonstrative embodiments.

For example, one or more elements of FIG. 4 may be implemented by aTransmitter to process the EDMG portion of multi-user EDMG SC PPDUs.

Referring back to FIG. 1 , in some demonstrative embodiments, devices102 and/or 140 may be configured to transmit, receive, and/or processEDMG PPDUs, e.g., SC EDMG PPDUs, according to a MIMO encoding scheme(also referred to as “a vertical encoding scheme”), e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the MIMO encoding scheme may beconfigured to perform encoding, e.g., LDPC encoding, after the scramblerand before the stream parser, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, applying the encoding,e.g., the LDPC encoding, prior to the stream parsing may allow, forexample, providing a same code rate, e.g., for all streams, for example,as opposed to the horizontal MIMO encoding which may result in differentcode rates for different streams.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control a wireless station implemented by device102, e.g., an EDMG STA, to generate an LDPC coded bit stream for a user,for example, based on data bits of a PSDU for the user in an EDMG PPDU,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the LDPC coded bit stream for theuser may include a concatenation of a plurality of LDPC codewords, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a count of the plurality of LDPCcodewords may be based, for example, at least on a codeword length forthe user and on a code rate for the user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the codeword length may be 672, 1344,624, or 1248, 504, 1008, 468, or 936, e.g., as described below.

In other embodiments, the codeword length may include any other length.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the code rate may be 7/8, 1/2, 2/3 or5/6, e.g., as described below.

In other embodiments, the code rate may include any other rate.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to generate encoded and padded bits for the user, forexample, by concatenating the LDPC coded bit stream with a plurality ofcoded pad zero bits, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a count of the coded pad zero bitsmay be based, for example, at least on a count of one or more spatialstreams for the user and on the count of the plurality of LDPC codewordsfor the user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to distribute the encoded and padded bits for the user to theone or more spatial streams for the user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to transmit the EDMG PPDU in a transmission over a channelbandwidth in a frequency band above 45 GHz, the transmission, forexample, may be based on the one or more spatial streams for the user,e.g., as described below.

In other embodiments, device 102 may transmit the EDMG PPDU in atransmission over any other additional and/or alternative channelbandwidth.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG PPDU may include an EDMG SUPPDU, e.g., as described below.

In other embodiments, the EDMG PPDU may include an EDMG MU PPDU, forexample, including a plurality user PPDUs to a respective plurality ofusers, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the count of the coded pad zero bitsmay be based on a count of one or more 2.16 GHz channels in the channelbandwidth for transmission of the EDMG PPDU, for example, EDMG PPDU 200(FIG. 2 ), e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to generate scrambled data bits, for example, by scramblingthe data bits of the PSDU for the user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to generate scrambled PSDU bits for the user, for example, byscrambling the scrambled data bits concatenated with a plurality of datapad zero bits for the user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a count of the plurality of data padzero bits for the user may be based, for example, at least on the countof the plurality of LDPC codewords for the user, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to generate the LDPC coded bit stream for the user, forexample, by converting the scrambled PSDU bits into the plurality ofLDPC codewords according to the codeword length for the user and thecode rate for the user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to generate the encoded and padded bits for the user, forexample, by scrambling the LDPC coded bit stream concatenated with theplurality of coded pad zero bits, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to scramble the data bits of the PSDU for the user, forexample, using a scrambler sequence, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to scramble the scrambled data bits concatenated with theplurality of data pad zero bits for the user, for example, using a firstcontinuation of the scramble sequence, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to scramble the LDPC coded bit stream concatenated with theplurality of coded pad zero bits, for example, using a secondcontinuation of the scrambler sequence, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to map the one or more spatial streams for the user to one ormore space-time streams, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG PPDU may include a SC PPDU,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to, when the EDMG PPDU includes a SC PPDU, determine thecount of the coded pad zero bits based on a count of SC symbol blocksfor the user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the count of SC symbol blocks for theuser may be based, for example, at least on the count of one or morespatial streams for the user and the count of the plurality of LDPCcodewords for the user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to determine the count of SC symbol blocks for the user, forexample, based on a count of symbols per SC symbol block, and a count ofcoded bits per symbol per spatial stream for the user, e.g., asdescribed below.

Reference is made to FIG. 5 , which schematically illustrates an SUtransmitter architecture 500 according to an SU encoding scheme, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, devices 102 and/or 140(FIG. 1 ) may be configured implement one or more elements oftransmitter architecture 500, for example, to process an EDMG portion ofsingle-user EDMG SC PPDUs, e.g., according to a vertical encodingscheme.

For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may be configured to implementone or more elements and/or functionalities of transmitter architecture500.

For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may include circuitry and/orlogic configured to perform one or more functionalities and/oroperations of one or more elements of transmitter architecture 500.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more elements and/or blocks oftransmitter architecture 500 may be configured, for example, for SU EDMGSC PPDU transmission, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more elements and/or blocks oftransmitter architecture 500 may be configured, for example, to generatea SU EDMG SC PPDU.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 5 ,payload (data bits) of single-user EDMG SC PPDUs may be processedaccording to a vertical MIMO encoding procedure, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 5 , a scrambler 502may be configured to scramble the data, for example, to reduce theprobability of long sequences of 0s and 1s.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 5 , an encoder 504,e.g., an LDPC encoder or any other encoder, may be configured to encodethe data, for example, before stream parsing, for example, to enableerror correction.

In some demonstrative embodiments, LDPC encoder 504 may implement bitpadding, for example, to provide an integer number of codewords and/orSC symbol blocks.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 5 , a stream parser506 may be configured to divide the output of LDPC encoder 504 intogroups of bits (spatial streams), e.g., N_(SS) spatial streams, whichmay be sent to a plurality of mappers (e.g., mapping devices), forexample, a plurality of constellation mappers 508. The sequence of thebits sent to a mapping device may be referred to as a spatial stream.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 5 , constellationmapper 508 may be configured to map the sequence of bits in a respectivestream to constellation points (complex numbers).

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 5 , an interleaver510 may be configured to perform interleaving inside a SC symbol block,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 5 , the N_(SS)spatial streams may be converted into a plurality of space time streams,e.g., N_(STS) space-time streams, for example, using a space-time blockcode (STBC) 512, e.g., if STBC is used, and/or any other space-timeencoding, and/or a spatial mapper 514 may be configured to mapspace-time streams to transmit chains, e.g., if MIMO transmission isused.

Reference is made to FIG. 6 , which schematically illustrates an MUtransmitter architecture 600 according to an MU encoding scheme, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, devices 102 and/or 140(FIG. 1 ) may be configured implement one or more elements of MUtransmitter architecture 600, for example, to process an EDMG portion ofmulti-user EDMG SC PPDUs, e.g., according to a vertical encoding scheme.

For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may be configured to implementone or more elements and/or functionalities of transmitter architecture600.

For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may include circuitry and/orlogic configured to perform one or more functionalities and/oroperations of one or more elements of transmitter architecture 600.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more elements and/or blocks oftransmitter architecture 600 may be configured, for example, for MU EDMGSC PPDU transmission, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more elements and/or blocks oftransmitter architecture 600 may be configured, for example, to generatean MU EDMG SC PPDU.

For example, as shown in FIG. 6 , transmitter architecture 600 mayinclude a plurality of processing modules 603 to process a respectiveplurality of EDMG PPDU portions to be transmitted to a respectiveplurality of users.

For example, as shown in FIG. 6 , a processing module 603, e.g., eachprocessing module 603, to process an EDMG PPDU portion of the pluralityof EDMG PPDU portions may include a scrambler 606 to generate scrambledbits by scrambling bits of a header B field and a data field in the EDMGportion; an encoder 602 to encode the plurality of scrambled bit streamsinto a respective plurality of encoded bit streams, e.g., according toan LDPC code; a stream parser 604 divide the output of encoder 602 intospatial streams; one or more, e.g., a plurality of, constellationmappers 608 to map the plurality of encoded bit streams into arespective plurality of streams of constellation points according to aconstellation scheme; an STBC encoder 616 to spread constellation pointsfrom the plurality of spatial streams into a plurality of space-timestreams; and/or a preamble builder 614 to build symbols of one or morefields in the EDMG PPDU portion over the plurality of space-timestreams, e.g., as described above.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 6 , transmitterarchitecture 600 may include a spatial mapper 612 to map outputs of theplurality processing modules 603 to a plurality of transmit chains 645.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter architecture 600 mayinclude some or all of the elements shown in FIG. 6 and/or one or moreelements may be optional and/or implemented in some configurations. Forexample, the STBC encoder may optionally be included, for example, whenSTBC is to be supported, e.g., as described above. For example, theinterleaver may be included, for example, for one or more modulationschemes.

Referring back to FIG. 1 , in some demonstrative embodiments, devices102 and/or 140 may be configured to implement one or more operationsand/or functionalities of an encoding procedure, which may supportand/or enable the generation of EDMG SC PPDUs using a vertical encodingscheme, for example, according to the scheme of FIG. 5 and/or FIG. 6 ,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the encoding procedure may beconfigured for a SC mode EDMG SU PSDU and/or SC mode EDMG MU PSDU, e.g.,per user basis encoding.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an LDPC encoding, which may beconfigured to employ codeword lengths of L_(CW)=468, 504, 624, 672, 936,1008, 1248, and/or 1344, and/or code rates of R=1/2, 5/8, 2/3, 3/4,13/16, 5/6, and/or 7/8, may be implemented, e.g., as described below. Inother embodiments, any other additional or alternative encodingconfigurations, codeword lengths and/or code rates may be implemented.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive, and/or process one or moreEDMG PPDUs, e.g., EDMG SC PPDUs, according to an encoding scheme, e.g.,a vertical encoding scheme, which may include encoding data bits, forexample, scrambled data bits, e.g., scrambled PHY Service Protocol DataUnit (PSDU) bits, for example, prior to stream parsing, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured toimplement an LDPC encoding process, for example, to encode data bits fora user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured togenerate a sequence of scrambled bits based on data bits for a user,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the sequence of scrambled bits mayinclude scrambled data bits and scrambled data padding bits, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the number of data padding bits maybe determined, for example, prior to stream parsing, e.g., based on thelength of the data bits, e.g., for a user, the codeword length for theuser, and/or the code rate for the user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured toencode the sequence of scrambled bits into codewords, e.g., into LDPCcodewords, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured togenerate a coded bit stream based on the codewords, e.g., byconcatenating the LDPC codewords, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured togenerate a sequence of encoded padded bits, for example, based on thecoded bit stream and coded pad bits, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured todetermine a number of the coded pad bits, for example, based on a numberof spatial streams to be implemented e.g., for the user, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured todetermine the number of coded pad bits, for example, based on a numberof codewords to be implemented for the user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured todetermine the number of coded pad bits, for example, based on a sum of aplurality of numbers of coded bits per symbol block corresponding to aplurality of spatial streams, e.g., to be implemented for the user,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured todistribute the sequence of encoded and padded bits over the spatialstreams, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured to map asequence of bits in a spatial stream to constellation points, e.g.,modulated complex symbols, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured toimplement an LDPC encoding process, for example, to encode data bits fora user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an LDPC encoding process for ani_(user)-th user may include one or more operations, e.g., as follows:

-   -   a) Compute the number of data pad bits

N_(DATA_PADi_(user)),

-   -    using the number of LDPC codewords N_(CW i) _(user) , e.g., as        follows:

${N_{{CW}i_{user}} = \left\lceil \frac{{Length}_{i_{user}} \cdot 8}{L_{{CW}i_{user}} \cdot \frac{R_{i_{user}}}{\rho_{i_{user}}}} \right\rceil}{N_{DATA_{-}{PAD}i_{user}} = {{N_{CWi_{user}} \cdot L_{CWi_{user}} \cdot \left( \frac{R_{i_{user}}}{\rho_{i_{user}}} \right)} - {{Length}_{i_{user}} \cdot 8}}}$The scrambled PSDU is concatenated with

N_(DATA_PADi_(user))zero bits. They are scrambled using the continuation of the scramblersequence that scrambled the PSDU input bits.

-   -   b) Convert the scrambled PSDU bits to LDPC codewords, e.g., as        follows:        -   a. If ρ=1 and L_(CW)=672, 1344:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length L_(CWD)=L_(CW)×R bits such that the                m-th data word is                b ^((m))=(b _(i) ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b _(L)                _(CWD) ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user)            -   ii. To each data word, parity bits p^((m))=(p₁ ^((m))),                p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p_(L) _(CWP) ^((m))),                L_(CWP)=L_(CW)−L_(CWD), are added to create the codeword                c^((m))=(b^((m)), p^((m))), m≤N_(CW i) _(user) such that                H·(c^((m)))^(T)=0        -   b. If ρ=1 and L_(CW)=624, R=7/8:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 546 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₅₄₆                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user)        -   ii. To each data word, parity bits p^((m))=(p₁ ^((m)), p₂            ^((m)), . . . , p_(L) ₁₂₆ ^((m))) are added to create the            codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)), p^((m))), m≤N_(CW i) _(user) such            that H·(c^((m)))^(T)=0, parity bits are computed applying            L_(CW)=672, R=13/16 LDPC matrix            -   iii. Finally, the first 48 parity bits are discarded                (punctured) to create the output codeword                c ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₅₄₆ ^((m))                ,p ₄₉ ^((m)) ,p ₅₀ ^((m)) , . . . ,p ₁₂₆ ^((m))),m≤N                _(CW i) _(user)        -   c. If ρ=1 and L_(CW)=1248, R=7/8:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 1092 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₁₀₉₂                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user)            -   ii. To each data word, parity bits p^((m))=(p₁ ^((m)),                p₂ ^((m)), . . . p_(L) ₂₅₂ ^((m))) are added to create                the codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)), p^((m))), m≤N_(CW i)                _(user) such that H·(c_((m)))^(T)=0, parity bits are                computed applying L_(CW)=1344, R=13/16 LDPC matrix            -   iii. Finally, the first 96 parity bits are discarded                (punctured) to create the output codeword c^((m)) (b₁                ^((m)), b₂ ^((m)), . . . , b₁₀₉₂ ^((m)), p₉₇ ^((m)), p₉₈                ^((m)), . . . , p₂₅₂ ^((m))), m≤N_(CW i) _(user)        -   d. If ρ=2 and L_(CW)=672, R=1/2:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 168 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₁₆₈                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user)            -   ii. To each data word, zero bits 0^((m))=(0₁ ^((m)), 0₂                ^((m)), . . . , 0₁₆₈ ^((m))) and parity bits p^((m))=(p₁                ^((m)), p₂ ^((m)), . . . p₁₆₈ ^((m))) are added to                create the codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)), 0^((m)), p^((m))),                m≤N_(CW i) _(user) such that H·(c^((m)))^(T)=0            -   iii. Finally, the zero bits are replaced with word                b^((m)) repetition XORed by Pseudo Noise (PN) sequence                that is generated from the LFSR used for MCS 1                scrambling. The LFSR is initialized to all ones initial                seed value and reinitialized to the same seed after                every codeword.        -   e. If ρ=2 and L_(CW)=1344, R=1/2:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 336 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₃₃₆                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user)            -   ii. To each data word, zero bits 0^((m))=(0₁ ^((m)), 0₂                ^((m)), . . . , 0₃₃₆ ^((m))) and parity bits p^((m))=(p₁                ^((m)), p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p₃₃₆ ^((m))) are added to                create the codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)), 0^((m)), p^((m))),                m≤N_(CW i) _(user) such that H·(c^((m)))^(T)=0            -   iii. Finally, the zero bits are replaced with word                b^((m)) repetition XORed by PN sequence that is                generated from the LF SR used for MCS 1 scrambling. The                LFSR is initialized to all ones initial seed value and                reinitialized to the same seed after every codeword.        -   f. If ρ=1 and L_(CW)=504, R=2/3:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 336 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₃₃₆                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user)            -   ii. To each data word, zero bits 0^((m))=(0₁ ^((m)), 0₂                ^((m)), . . . , 0₁₆₈ ^((m))) and parity bits p^((m))=(p₁                ^((m)), p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p₁₆₈ ^((m))) are added to                create the codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)), 0^((m)), p^((m))),                m≤N_(CW i) _(user) such that H·(c_((m)))^(T)=0, parity                bits are computed applying L_(CW)=672, R=3/4 LDPC matrix            -   iii. Finally, the zero bits are discarded to create the                output codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)), p^((m))), m≤N_(CW i)                _(user)        -   g. If ρ=1 and L_(CW)=1008, R=2/3:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 672 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₆₇₂                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user)            -   ii. To each data word, zero bits 0^((m))=(0₁ ^((m)), 0₂                ^((m)), . . . , 0₃₃₆ ^((m))) and parity bits p^((m))=(p₁                ^((m)), p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p₃₃₆ ^((m))) are added to                create the codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)),0^((m)),p^((m))),                m≤N_(CW i) _(user) such that H·(c^((m)))^(T)=0, parity                bits are computed applying L_(CW)=1344, R=3/4 LDPC                matrix            -   iii. Finally, the zero bits are discarded to create the                output codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)),p^((m))), m≤N_(CW i)                _(user)        -   h. If ρ=1 and L_(CW)=504, R=5/6:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 420 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₄₂₀                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user)            -   ii. To each data word, zero bits 0^((m))=(0₁ ^((m)), 0₂                ^((m)), . . . , 0₁₆₈ ^((m))) and parity bits p^((m))=(p₁                ^((m)), p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p₈₄ ^((m))) are added to                create the codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)),0^((m)),p^((m))),                m≤N_(CW i) _(user) such that H·(c^((m)))^(T)=0, parity                bits are computed applying for L_(CW)=672, R=7/8 LDPC                matrix            -   iii. Finally, the zero bits are discarded to create the                output codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)), p_((m))), m≤N_(CW i)                _(user)        -   i. If ρ=1 and L_(CW)=1008, R=5/6:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 840 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₈₄₀                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user)            -   ii. To each data word, zero bits 0^((m))=(0₁ ^((m)), 0₂                ^((m)), . . . , 0₃₃₆ ^((m))) and parity bits p^((m)) (p₁                ^((m)), p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p₁₆₈ ^((m))) are added to                create the codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)), 0^((m)), p^((m))),                m≤N_(CW i) _(user) such that H·(c_((m)))^(T)=0, parity                bits are computed applying L_(CW)=1344, R=7/8 LDPC                matrix            -   iii. Finally, the zero bits are discarded to create the                output codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)), p^((m))), m≤N_(CW i)                _(user)        -   j. If ρ=1 and L_(CW)=468, R=5/6:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 390 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₃₉₀                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user)            -   ii. To each data word, zero bits 0^((m))=(0₁ ^((m)), 0₂                ^((m)), . . . , 0₁₆₈ ^((m))) and parity bits p^((m))=(p₁                ^((m)), p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p₁₂₆ ^((m))) are added to                create the codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)), 0^((m)), p^((m))),                m≤N_(CW i) _(user) such that H·(c_((m)))^(T)=0, parity                bits are computed applying L_(CW)=672, R=13/16 LDPC                matrix            -   iii. Finally, the zero bits are discarded and the first                48 parity bits are discarded (punctured) to create the                output codeword                c ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₃₉₀ ^((m))                ,p ₄₉ ^((m)) ,p ₅₀ ^((m)) , . . . ,p ₁₂₆ ^((m))),m≤N                _(CW i) _(user)        -   k. If ρ=1 and L_(CW)=936, R=5/6:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 780 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₇₈₀                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user)            -   ii. To each data word, zero bits 0^((m))=(0₁ ^((m)), 0₂                ^((m)), . . . , 0₃₁₂ ^((m))) and parity bits p^((m))=(p₁                ^((m)), p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p₂₅₂ ^((m))) are added to                create the codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)),0^((m)),p^((m))),                m≤N_(CW i) _(user) such that H·(c_((m)))^(T)=0, parity                bits are computed applying L_(CW)=1344, R=13/16 LDPC                matrix            -   iii. Finally, the zero bits are discarded and the first                96 parity bits are discarded (punctured) to create the                output codeword                c ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₇₈₀ ^((m))                ,p ₉₇ ^((m)) ,p ₉₈ ^((m)) , . . . ,p ₂₅₂ ^((m))),m≤N                _(CW i) _(user)

In some embodiments, the scrambled PSDU bits may be converted to LDPCcodewords based on one or more, e.g., some or all, of the operationsand/or parameters described above. In other embodiments, the scrambledPSDU bits may be converted to encoded codewords based on any otheradditional or alternative, encoding procedure, encoding scheme,parameters and/or operations.

-   -   c) Concatenate LDPC codewords one after the other to create the        coded bits stream

(c⁽¹⁾, c⁽²⁾, …, c^((N_(CWi_(user))))).

-   -   d) Compute the number of coded pad bits,

N_(BLK_PADi_(user)),

-   -    using the number of SC symbol blocks, N_(BLKSi) _(user) , e.g.,        as follows:

${N_{{BLKS}i_{user}}\  = \left\lceil \frac{N_{{CW}i_{user}} \cdot L_{{CW}i_{user}}}{{N_{SPB} \cdot N_{CB}}{\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SS}i_{user}}}N_{{CBPS}i_{user}i_{ss}}}} \right\rceil}{{{{If}{BRP}{PPDU}{and}N_{{BLKS}i_{user}}} < N_{{BLKS}\min}},{{{then}N_{{BLKS}i_{user}}} = N_{{BLKS}\min}}}$${{{If}{STBC}{applied}{and}N_{{BLKS}i_{user}}{is}{odd}},{{{then}N_{{BLKS}i_{user}}} = {N_{{BLKS}i_{user}} + 1}}}{N_{{BLK\_ PAD}i_{user}} = {{N_{{BLKS}i_{user}} \cdot N_{SPB} \cdot N_{CB} \cdot {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SS}i_{user}}}N_{{CBPS}i_{user}i_{SS}}}} - {N_{{CW}i_{user}} \cdot L_{{CW}i_{user}}}}}$

-   -    Concatenate coded bits with

N_(BLK_PADi_(user))

-   -    zero bits. They are scrambled using the continuation of the        scrambler sequence that scrambled the PSDU bits and data pad        bits at the step a).    -   e) Distribute the encoded and padded bits over the N_(SSi)        _(user) spatial streams on the group basis with the number of        N_(CBPSi) _(user) _(i) _(SS) bits in the group. The first group        of bits comes to the first spatial stream, the second group of        bits comes to the second spatial stream, and so on. The        procedure may be repeated, for example, when the maximum number        of spatial streams N_(SSi) _(user) is reached. The procedure may        end, for example, when all PSDU encoded bits including

N_(BLK_PADi_(user))

-   -    pad bits are distributed over the N_(SSi) _(user) spatial        streams.        For example, for each user, if STBC coding is applied, then a        single spatial stream N_(SSi) _(user) =1 is mapped to two        space-time streams N_(SSi) _(user) =2. Otherwise, a one-to-one        mapping of N_(SSi) _(user) spatial streams to N_(SSi) _(user)        space-time streams shall be applied.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the value of N_(BLKSmin) may bedefined on a per user basis, for example, in a Requested Beam RefinementProtocol (BRP) SC Blocks field within a responder's EDMG Capabilitieselement, and/or in any other message and/or field.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, if the Requested BRP SCBlocks field is not included in the EDMG Capabilities element, thenN_(BLKSmin) may be set to a predefined value, for example,N_(BLKSmin)=aBRPminSCblocks, or any other value.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured toencode the PSDU bits of a SC EDMG PPDU according to an encodingprocedure including some or all of the operations of the LDPC encodingprocedure described above and/or one or more additional or alternativeoperations, parameters, and/or procedures.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured tointerleave symbols of a SC symbol block in the spatial stream, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured toimplement an interleaving scheme, which may be configured to support avertical encoding approach, e.g., as described above with reference toFIGS. 5 and/or 6 .

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured toimplement an interleaving scheme, which may be configured to beimplemented with an encoding procedure according to the verticalencoding approach, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the interleaving scheme may beconfigured based on one or more parameters and/or operations implementedby the encoding procedure, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the interleaving scheme may beconfigured to interleave modulated complex symbols within a SC symbolblock, for example, based on one or more, e.g., different, modulationparameters, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to interleave a plurality of symbols in a SC symbol block fora spatial stream of one or more spatial streams, for example, based atleast on a count of 2.16 GHz channels in a channel bandwidth fortransmission of the EDMG PPDU, and on a count of the one or more spatialstreams, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to generate a permuted SC symbol block, for example, bypermuting the SC symbol block according to an array of permutationindexes, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the array of permutation indexes maybe based, for example, on a first permutation parameter and a secondpermutation parameter, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the first and second permutationparameters may be based, for example, at least on the count of 2.16 GHzchannels in the channel bandwidth, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the second permutation parameter maybe based on the first permutation parameter, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to permute the SC symbol block, denoted d_(in) ^((i) ^(ss)^(,q)), corresponding to a SC symbol block number q in an i_(SS)-thspatial stream, into a permuted SC symbol block, denoted d_(out) ^((i)^(ss) ^(,q)), e.g., as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{d_{out}^{({i_{SS},q})} = \left( {d_{{idx}(0)}^{({i_{SS},q})},d_{{idx}(1)}^{({i_{SS},q})},\ldots,d_{{idx}({{({N_{SPB} \times N_{CB}})} - 1})}^{({i_{SS},q})}} \right)}{{wherein}:}{d_{in}^{({i_{SS},q})} = \left( {d_{0}^{({i_{SS},q})},d_{1}^{({i_{SS},q})},\ldots,d_{{N_{SPB} \times N_{CB}} - 1}^{({i_{SS},q})}} \right)}} & (1)\end{matrix}$

wherein N_(SFB)×N_(CB) denotes a count of symbols per SC symbol blockfor the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the channel bandwidth, denotedN_(CB), and

idx( ) denotes a permutation index in the array of permutation indexes.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the array of permutation indexes,denoted idx, may be defined, e.g., as follows:

$\begin{matrix}{{{{id{x\left( {{j \times N_{x}} + i} \right)}} = {{N_{y} \times i} + j}},{{{where}i} = 0},1,\ldots,{{N_{x} - {1{and}j}} = 0},1,\ldots,{N_{y} - 1}}{x = {\left( {N_{SPB} \times N_{CB} \times {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SS}i_{user}}}N_{{CBPS}i_{user}i_{SS}}}} \right)/L_{{CW}i_{user}}}}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

wherein:x≤3×N _(CB) :N _(x)=2×N _(CB)3×N _(CB) <x≤6×N _(CB) :N _(x)=4×N _(CB)6×N _(CB) <x≤12×N _(CB) :N _(x)=8×N _(CB)12×N _(CB) <x≤24×N _(CB) :N _(x)=16×N _(CB)x>24×N _(CB) :N _(x)=32×N _(CB)wherein:N _(y)=(N _(SPB) ×N _(CB))/N _(x)

wherein N_(SPB)×N_(CB) denotes a count of symbols per SC symbol blockfor the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the channel bandwidth, denotedN_(CB),

N_(SSi) _(user) denotes a count of spatial streams for an i_(user)-thuser,

N_(CBPSi) _(user) _(i) _(SS) denotes a count of coded bits per symbolfor the i_(user)-th user and an i_(SS)-th spatial stream, and L_(CW i)_(user) denotes an LDPC codeword length for the i_(user)-th user.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the SC symbol block may include 16Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) symbols or 64-QAM symbols, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured toimplement an interleaver design, which may be used with an encodingprocedure to support the generation of EDMG SC PPDUs using a verticalencoding scheme, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured toimplement an interleaver, e.g., interleaver 510 (FIG. 5 ), which may bedefined for one or more modulation schemes, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured toimplement an interleaver, e.g., interleaver 510 (FIG. 5 ), which may bedefined for one or more QAM schemes and/or one or more Non-UniformConstellation (NUC) schemes, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured toimplement an interleaver, e.g., interleaver 510 (FIG. 5 ), which may bedefined for π/2-16-QAM, π/2-64-QAM, and/or π/2-64-NUC modulations,and/or any other modulation.

In some demonstrative embodiments, interleaver 510 (FIG. 5 ) may beconfigured to support a modulation scheme, which may be based on anumber of spatial streams per a user, e.g., as described below.

In one example, for N_(SSi) _(user) =1, interleaver 510 (FIG. 5 ) shallbe applied for π/2-64-QAM, and/or π/2-64-NUC modulations only.

In another example, for N_(SSi) _(user) >1, interleaver 510 (FIG. 5 )shall be applied for spatial streams with π/2-16-QAM, π/2-64-QAM, and/orπ/2-64-NUC modulations.

In other embodiments, interleaver 510 (FIG. 5 ) may be configured tosupport any other additional and/or alternative QAM schemes, NUC schemesand/or any other modulation schemes, and/or any other additional oralternative parameters.

In some demonstrative embodiments, interleaver 510 (FIG. 5 ) may beconfigured to perform interleaving of modulated complex symbols inside aSC symbol block, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, interleaver 510 (FIG. 5 ) may beconfigured to perform the interleaving inside a SC symbol block, forexample, according to one or more interleaving parameters, which may bebased on one or more parameters of the encoding procedure, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more interleaving parametersof interleaver 510 (FIG. 5 ) may depend on the parameters N_(SPB),N_(CB), N_(SSi) _(user) , L_(CW i) _(user) , and/or N_(CBPSi) _(user)_(i) _(SS) , e.g., as described below. In other embodiments, one or moreadditional or alternative parameters may be implemented.

In some demonstrative embodiments, interleaver 510 (FIG. 5 ) may beconfigured to interleave symbols of a SC symbol block to generate apermuted SC symbol block, for example, according to a plurality ofpermutation indexes, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a permuted symbol in the permuted SCsymbol block may include a symbol of the SC symbol block having an indexcorresponding to a permutation index of the permuted symbol, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, interleaver 510 (FIG. 5 ) may beconfigured to determine the permutation index, for example, based on oneor more parameters of the encoding procedure, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, interleaver 510 (FIG. 5 ) may beconfigured to determine the permutation index, for example, based on theparameters N_(SPB), N_(CB), N_(SSi) _(user) , L_(CW i) _(user) , and/orN_(CBPSi) _(user) _(i) _(SS) , e.g. as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, interleaver 510 (FIG. 5 ) may beconfigured to determine the permutation index, for example, based on anumber of symbols per SC symbol block, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, interleaver 510 (FIG. 5 ) may beconfigured to determine the permutation index, for example, based on anumber of contiguous channels to be used for PPDU transmission, asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, interleaver 510 (FIG. 5 ) may beconfigured to determine the permutation index, for example, based on acodeword length, e.g., per user, as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, interleaver 510 (FIG. 5 ) may beconfigured to determine the permutation index, for example, based on anumber of spatial streams, e.g., per user, as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, interleaver 510 (FIG. 5 ) may beconfigured to determine the permutation index based on a sum of aplurality of numbers of coded bits per symbol block corresponding to aplurality of spatial streams, e.g., per user, as described below.

In other embodiments, one or more additional or alternative parametersmay be implemented.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an input to the interleaver schememay include a SC symbol block d_(in) ^((q)), e.g., of a lengthN_(SPB)×N_(CB), which may include, for example, a plurality of symbols,for example, composed of π/2-16-QAM, π/2-64-QAM, or π/2-64-NUC symbols.

For example, the SC symbol block d_(in) ^((q)) may include a blockd_(in) ^((q))=(d₀ ^((q)), d₁ ^((q)), . . . , d_(N) _(SPB) _(×N) _(CB) ₋₁^((q))), wherein q denotes a SC symbol block number, e.g., q=0, 1, . . ., N_(BLKS i) _(user) −1.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the interleaver scheme may beconfigured to provide an output including a permuted SC symbol block,e.g., of the same length as the SC symbol block d_(in) ^((q)).

In some demonstrative embodiments, the permuted SC symbol block may bedefined, e.g., as follows:d _(out) ^((q))=(d _(idx(0)) ^((q)) ,d _(idx(1)) ^((q)) , . . . ,d_(idx(N) _(SPB) _(×N) _(CB) ₋₁₎ ^((q)))

wherein idx denotes an array of permutation indexes.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the array of permutation indexes idxmay be constructed, e.g., according to Equation (2), and/or any otherpermutation array.

In other embodiments, any other additional or alternative parameters maybe used, and/or any other definition of the permutation index may bedefined.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured toencode the PSDU bits of a SC EDMG PPDU according to an encodingprocedure, which may be configured for channel aggregation, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to support communication according to a channel aggregationscheme, for example, supporting the aggregation of two 2.16 GHz channelsand/or two 4.32 GHz channels. In other embodiments, any other additionalor alternative number of channels and/or any other additional oralternative channel widths may be supported for channel aggregation.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an encoding procedure, e.g., thevertical MIMO encoding procedure described above, may be extended tosupport channel aggregation, e.g., as follows:

-   -   The scrambler, e.g., scrambler 502 (FIG. 5 ), may be configured        to scramble the data to reduce the probability of long sequences        of 0s and 1s.    -   The encoder, e.g., LDPC encoder 504 (FIG. 5 ), may be configured        to encode the data to enable error correction. It makes bits        padding to get an integer number of codewords and SC symbol        blocks.    -   The stream parser, e.g., stream parser 506 (FIG. 5 ), may divide        the output of LDPC encoder into the groups of bits. Each group        of bits is called a spatial stream.    -   The different spatial streams obtained after the stream parser        may be mapped to one of the aggregated channels.    -   The number of spatial streams in each channel may be the same or        different.    -   Each spatial stream may be sent to different mapping devices.    -   The constellation mapper, e.g., constellation mapper 508 (FIG. 5        ), may map the sequence of bits in each stream to constellation        points (complex numbers).    -   The interleaver, e.g., interleaver 510 (FIG. 5 ), may perform        interleaving inside a SC symbol block.    -   For each aggregated channel, the N_(SS) spatial streams may be        converted into N_(STS) space-time streams using a space-time        block code (STBC), for example, STBC 512 (FIG. 5 ), e.g., if        STBC is used, and/or a spatial mapper, e.g., spatial mapper 514        (FIG. 5 ), may map space-time streams to transmit chains, e.g.,        if MIMO transmission is used.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, in the channelaggregation case, all streams in both aggregated channels may have thesame code rate; and/or different streams in each aggregated channelcould use different modulation schemes, e.g., similar to the proceduredescribed above for single-user and/or multi-user cases.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive, and/or process one or moreEDMG PPDUs, e.g., EDMG SC PPDUs, according to an encoding scheme, e.g.,a vertical encoding scheme, which may include encoding data bits, forexample, scrambled data bits, e.g., scrambled PSDU bits, for example,prior to stream parsing, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to encode the PSDU bits of a EDMG SC PPDU, for example,according to an encoding procedure, which may be configured for channelaggregation, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, devices 102 and/or 140may be configured to encode the PSDU bits of the EDMG SC PPDU accordingto an encoding scheme, which may be configured for transmission over anaggregated channel bandwidth including a plurality of channels, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to support communication according to a channel aggregationscheme, for example, supporting the aggregation of two 2.16 GHz channelsand/or two 4.32 GHz channels. In other embodiments, any other additionalor alternative number of channels and/or any other additional oralternative channel widths may be supported for channel aggregation.

In some demonstrative embodiments, vertical MIMO encoding proceduredescribed above, may be extended to support channel aggregation, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an encoding scheme for channelaggregation may be configured such that spatial streams to betransmitted over different aggregated channels may have the same coderate.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an encoding procedure may beconfigured to support the generation of EDMG SC PPDUs using a verticalapproach for the case when the PPDU is to be transmitted over aggregatedchannels, for example, such that streams to be transmitted in differentchannels may have different coding rates, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the encoding procedure may define aSC mode EDMG SU PSDU or MU PSDU per user basis encoding, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the encoding procedure may include anLDPC encoding, which may employ codeword lengths of L_(CW)=468, 504,624, 672, 936, 1008, 1248, and/or 1344, and/or code rates of R=1/2, 5/8,2/3, 3/4, 13/16, 5/6, and/or 7/8. In other embodiments, any otherencoding scheme, code rates, and/or codeword lengths may be implemented.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, for 2.16+2.16 GHz and/or4.32+4.32 GHz channel bandwidth configurations, a channel i_(ch)=1 maycorrespond to a channel containing a primary 2.16 GHz channel, and/or achannel i_(ch)=2 may correspond to a channel containing the secondary2.16 GHz channels.

In some demonstrative embodiments, processing and/or communication ofthe EDMG SC PHY PPDU may be defined and/or performed based on one ormore of the following parameters, and/or one or more additional oralternative parameters:

TABLE 2 Symbol Explanation i_(SS) Spatial stream number N_(SS i) _(user)Total number of spatial streams for i_(user)-th user i_(user) Usernumber N_(user) Total number of users in a multi user transmissioni_(STS i) _(user) Space-time stream number for i_(user)-th userN_(STS i) _(user) Total number of space-time streams for i_(user)-thuser i_(STS) Space-time stream number over all users N_(STS) Totalnumber of space-time streams over all users Length_(i) _(user) PSDUlength in octets for i_(user)-th user Length_(i) _(user) _(i) _(ch) PSDUlength in octets for i_(user)-th user and i_(ch)-th channel^(*) L_(CW)LDPC codeword length in bits, it can be equal to 468, 504, 624, 672,936, 1008, 1248, and 1344, and/or another length L_(CW i) _(user`ich)LDPC codeword length in bits for i_(user) ^(th) user and i_(ch)-thchannel^(*) L_(CWD) Number of systematic data bits per LDPC codewordL_(CWP) Number of parity bits per LDPC codeword ρ_(i) _(user) _(i) _(ch)Repetition factor for i_(user) ^(th) user and i_(ch)-th channel^(*); isequal to 2 for MCS 1 and equal to 1 for all other MCSs, and/or any othervalue R_(i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) LDPC code rate for i_(user) ^(th) userand i_(ch) ^(th) channel^(*); can be equal to ½, 5/8, 2/3, ¾, 13/16,5/6, 7/8, and/or any other value N_(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch) Totalnumber of LDPC codewords for i_(user) ^(th) user and i_(ch) ^(th)channel^(*) N_(DATA_PAD  i_(user)i_(ch)) Number of pad bits for thei_(user) ^(th) user and i_(ch) ^(th) channel^(*) to reach an integernumber of LDPC codewords N_(BLKS i) _(user) Total number of SC symbolblocks for the i_(user) ^(th) user N_(BLKS i) _(user) _(i) _(ch) Totalnumber of SC symbol blocks for the i_(user) ^(th) user and i_(ch) ^(th)channel^(*) N_(BLKS min) Minimum number of total SC symbol blocks forBRP PPDU transmission N_(BLK_PAD  i_(user )i_(ch)) Number of pad bitsfor the i_(user) ^(th) user and i_(ch) ^(th) channel^(*) to reach aninteger number of SC symbol blocks N_(CB) Number of contiguous 2.16 GHzchannels used for PPDU transmission N_(CBPB) Number of coded bits per SCsymbol block; depends on modulation type and is different for differentGI types. N_(CBPS i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) Number of coded bits per symbol(constellation point) for the i_(user) ^(th) user and i_(SS) ^(th)spatial stream N_(SPB) Number of symbols (constellation points) per SCsymbol block; may depend on the GI type. N_(BLKS max) Maximum number ofSC symbol blocks over all users N_(PAD_BLK  i_(user)) The number of padSC symbol blocks for the i_(user) ^(th) user that is required to alignPPDUs over different users in time

In some demonstrative embodiments, some or all of the parameters ofTable 2 may be implemented, one or more parameters may be defined in adifferent manner, and/or one or more additional or alternativeparameters may be implemented.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured togenerate a plurality of sequences of scrambled bits based on data bitsof a PSDU, the plurality of sequences of scrambled bits corresponding toa plurality of channels of an aggregated channel bandwidth, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured todistribute data bits for a user to a plurality of data bit sequencescorresponding to a respective plurality of channels to be aggregated fortransmission to the user.

For example, device 102 may be configured to distribute data bits for auser to first and second data bit sequences corresponding to first andsecond respective channels to be aggregated for transmission to theuser, for example, according to an 2.16+2.16 GHz and/or an 4.32+4.32 GHzchannel bandwidth configuration e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to generate a plurality of sequences of scrambled bits, forexample, based on data bits of a PSDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the plurality of sequences ofscrambled bits may correspond to a plurality of channels of anaggregated channel bandwidth, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to encode the plurality of sequences of scrambled bits into aplurality of sequences of encoded bits, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to generate a plurality of sequences of encoded padded bits,for example, based on the plurality of sequences of encoded bits, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may generate a sequence ofencoded padded bits, for example, by padding a sequence of encoded bitswith coded pad bits, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to distribute the plurality of sequences of encoded paddedbits to a plurality of spatial streams, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to transmit a SC transmission, for example, based on theplurality of spatial streams over the aggregated channel bandwidth in afrequency band above 45 GHz, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured togenerate a plurality of sequences of scrambled bits, for example, basedon the plurality of sequences of data bits for the user, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a sequence of scrambled bits mayinclude scrambled data bits and scrambled data padding bits, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the number of data padding bits maybe determined, for example, prior to stream parsing, e.g., based on thelength of the sequence of data bits, e.g., for a user for a channel, thecodeword length for the user for the channel, and/or a code rate for theuser for the channel, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured toencode the plurality of sequences of scrambled bits into a plurality ofsequences of encoded bits, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured toencode a sequence of scrambled bits into codewords, e.g., into LDPCcodewords, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to encode a sequence of scrambled bits into a plurality ofLDPC codewords, and to generate the sequence of encoded bits, forexample, based on the plurality of LDPC codewords, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured togenerate a plurality of coded bit streams, for example, based on thecodewords in the plurality of encoded sequences for the plurality ofchannels, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured togenerate a coded bit stream for a channel based on the codewords in anencoded sequence of the channel, e.g., by concatenating the LDPCcodewords in the encoded sequence, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured togenerate a plurality of sequences of encoded padded bits based on theplurality of coded bit streams, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured togenerate a sequence of encoded padded bits for a channel, for example,based on the coded bit stream for the channel and coded pad bits, e.g.,as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured todistribute the plurality of sequences of encoded and padded bits overthe spatial streams, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured toimplement an LDPC encoding process, for example, to encode data bits fora user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an LDPC encoding process for ani_(user)-th user may include one or more operations, e.g., as follows:

-   -   a) For 2.16+2.16 GHz and/or 4.32+4.32 GHz channel bandwidth        configurations, divide the input PSDU length Length_(i) _(user)        between the Length_(i) _(user) _(i) _(ch) ₌₁ and Length_(i)        _(user) _(i) _(ch) ₌₂, e.g., as follows:

${Length}_{{i_{user}\mspace{11mu} i_{ch}} = 1} = \left\lceil \frac{{Length}_{i_{user}} \cdot \left( \frac{R_{{i_{user}\; i_{ch}} = 1}}{\rho_{{i_{user}\; i_{ch}} = 1}} \right) \cdot M_{{i_{user}\mspace{11mu} i_{ch}} = 1}}{{\left( \frac{R_{{i_{user}\; i_{ch}} = 1}}{\rho_{{i_{user}\; i_{ch}} = 1}} \right) \cdot M_{{i_{user}\mspace{11mu} i_{ch}} = 1}} + {\left( \frac{R_{{i_{user}\; i_{ch}} = 2}}{\rho_{{i_{user}\; i_{ch}} = 2}} \right) \cdot M_{{i_{user}\mspace{11mu} i_{ch}} = 2}}} \right\rceil$$\mspace{20mu}{M_{{i_{user}\mspace{11mu} i_{ch}} = 1} = {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{{SS}\mspace{11mu}}_{i_{user}}/2}}\; N_{{CBPS}\mspace{14mu} i_{user}\mspace{11mu} i_{SS}}}}$$\mspace{20mu}{M_{{i_{user}\mspace{11mu} i_{ch}} = 2} = {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = N_{{{SS}_{i_{user}}/2} + 1}}^{N_{{{SS}\mspace{11mu}}_{i_{user}}}}\; N_{{CBPS}\mspace{14mu} i_{user}\mspace{11mu} i_{SS}}}}$  Length_(i_(user)  i_(ch) = 2) = Length_(i_(user)) − Length_(i_(user)  i_(ch) = 1)

-   -   -   where Length_(i) _(user) _(i) _(ch) ₌₁ is allocated to the            channel containing the primary 2.16 GHz channel and            Length_(i) _(user) _(i) _(ch) ₌₂ is allocated to the channel            containing the secondary 2.16 GHz channels.        -   For 2.16 GHz, 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, and/or 8.64 GHz channel            bandwidth configurations (e.g., when channel aggregation is            not used), define the Length_(i) _(user) _(i) _(ch)            ₌₁=Length_(i) _(user) Length_(i) _(user) _(i) _(ch) ₌₂=0.

    -   b) Compute the number of data pad bits for i_(ch)-th channel

N_(DATA_PAD  i_(user) i_(ch)),

-   -    using the number of LDPC codewords N_(CI i) _(user) _(i) _(ch)        , e.g., as follows:

$\mspace{20mu}{{N_{{CW}\mspace{11mu} i_{user}\mspace{11mu} i_{ch}} = \left\lceil \frac{{Length}_{i_{user}\mspace{11mu} i_{ch}} \cdot 8}{L_{{CW}\mspace{11mu} i_{user}\mspace{11mu} i_{ch}} \cdot \frac{R_{i_{user}\; i_{ch}}}{\rho_{i_{user}\; i_{ch}}}} \right\rceil},{i_{ch} = {1,2}}}$${N_{{DATA\_ PAD}\mspace{11mu} i_{user}\; i_{ch}} = {{N_{{CW}\mspace{11mu} i_{user}\mspace{11mu} i_{ch}} \cdot L_{{CW}\mspace{11mu} i_{user}\mspace{11mu} i_{ch}} \cdot \left( \frac{R_{i_{user}\; i_{ch}}}{\rho_{i_{user}\; i_{ch}}} \right)} - {{Length}_{i_{user}\mspace{11mu} i_{ch}} \cdot 8}}},{i_{ch} = {1,2}}$

-   -   -   The scrambled PSDU for i_(ch)-th channel is concatenated            with

N_(DATA_PAD  i_(user) i_(ch))

-   -   -    zero bits. They are scrambled using the continuation of the            scrambler sequence that scrambled the PSDU input bits. The            zero bits for i_(ch)=1 channel are scrambled first and the            zero bits for i_(ch)=2 channel are scrambled second.

    -   c) For each i_(ch)-th channel convert the scrambled PSDU bits to        LDPC codewords, e.g., as follows:        -   a. If ρ=1 and L_(CW)=672, 1344:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length L_(CWD)=L_(CW)λR bits such that the                m-th data word is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b _(L) _(CWD)                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch)            -   ii. To each data word, parity bits p^((m))=(p₁ ^((m)),                p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p_(L) _(CWP) ^((m))),                L_(CWP)=L_(CW)−L_(CWD), are added to create the codeword                c^((m))=(b^((m)),p^((m))), m≤N_(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch)                such that H·(c_((m)))^(T)=0        -   b. If ρ=1 and L_(CW)=624, R=7/8:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 546 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₅₄₆                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch)            -   ii. To each data word, parity bits p^((m))=(p₁ ^((m)),                p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p_(L) ₁₂₆ ^((m))) are added to create                the codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)),p^((m))), m≤N_(CW i)                _(user) _(i) _(ch) such that H·(c_((m)))^(T)=0, parity                bits are computed applying L_(CW)=672, R=13/16 LDPC                matrix            -   iii. Finally, the first 48 parity bits are discarded                (punctured) to create the output codeword                c ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₅₄₆ ^((m))                ,p ₄₉ ^((m)) ,p ₅₀ ^((m)) , . . . ,p ₁₂₆ ^((m))),m≤N                _(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch)        -   c. If ρ=1 and L_(CW)=1248, R=7/8:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 1092 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₁₀₉₂                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch)            -   ii. To each data word, parity bits p^((m))=(p₁ ^((m)),                p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p_(L) ₂₅₂ ^((m))) are added to create                the codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)),p^((m))), m≤N_(CW i)                _(user) _(i) _(ch) such that H·(c_((m)))^(T)=0, parity                bits are computed applying L_(CW)=1344, R=13/16 LDPC                matrix            -   iii. Finally, the first 96 parity bits are discarded                (punctured) to create the output codeword                c ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₁₀₉₂ ^((m))                ,p ₉₇ ^((m)) ,p ₉₈ ^((m)) , . . . ,p ₂₅₂ ^((m))),m≤N                _(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch)        -   d. If ρ=2 and L_(CW)=672, R=1/2:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 168 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₁₆₈                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch)            -   ii. To each data word, zero bits 0^((m))=(0₁ ^((m)), 0₂                ^((m)), . . . , 0₁₆₈ ^((m))) and parity bits p^((m))=(p₁                ^((m)), p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p₁₆₈ ^((m))) are added to                create the codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)), 0^((m)), p^((m))),                m≤N_(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch) such that                H·(c_((m)))^(T)=0            -   iii. Finally, the zero bits are replaced with word                b^((m)) repetition XORed by PN sequence that is                generated from the LF SR used for MCS 1 scrambling. The                LFSR is initialized to all ones initial seed value and                reinitialized to the same seed after every codeword.        -   e. If ρ=2 and L_(CW)=1344, R=1/2:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 336 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₃₃₆                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch)            -   ii. To each data word, zero bits 0^((m))=(0₁ ^((m)), 0₂                ^((m)), . . . , 0₃₃₆ ^((m))) and parity bits p^((m))=(p₁                ^((m)), p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p₃₃₆ ^((m))) are added to                create the codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)),0^((m)),p^((m))),                m≤N_(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch) such that                H·(c_((m)))^(T)=0            -   iii. Finally, the zero bits are replaced with word                b^((m)) repetition XORed by PN sequence that is                generated from the LF SR used for MCS 1 scrambling. The                LFSR is initialized to all ones initial seed value and                reinitialized to the same seed after every codeword.        -   f. If ρ=1 and L_(CW)=504, R=2/3:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 336 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₃₃₆                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch)            -   ii. To each data word, zero bits 0^((m))=(0₁ ^((m)), 0₂                ^((m)), . . . , 0₁₆₈ ^((m))) and parity bits p^((m))=(p₁                ^((m)), p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p₁₆₈ ^((m))) are added to                create the codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)),0^((m)),p^((m))),                m≤N_(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch) such that                H·(c_((m)))^(T)=0, parity bits are computed applying                L_(CW)=672, R=3/4 LDPC matrix            -   iii. Finally, the zero bits are discarded to create the                output codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)),p^((m))), m≤N_(CW i)                _(user) _(i) _(ch)        -   g. If ρ=1 and L_(CW)=1008, R=2/3:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 672 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₆₇₂                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch)            -   ii. To each data word, zero bits 0^((m))=(0₁ ^((m)), 0₂                ^((m)), . . . , 0₃₃₆ ^((m))) and parity bits p^((m))=(p₁                ^((m)), p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p₃₃₆ ^((m))) are added to                create the codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)),0^((m)),p^((m))),                m≤N_(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch) such that                H·(c_((m)))^(T)=0, parity bits are computed applying                L_(CW)=1344, R=3/4 LDPC matrix            -   iii. Finally, the zero bits are discarded to create the                output codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)),p^((m))), m≤N_(CW i)                _(user) _(i) _(ch)        -   h. If ρ=1 and L_(CW)=504, R=5/6:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 420 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₄₂₀                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch)            -   ii. To each data word, zero bits 0^((m))=(0₁ ^((m)), 0₂                ^((m)), . . . , 0₁₆₈ ^((m))) and parity bits p^((m))=(p₁                ^((m)), p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p₈₄ ^((m))) are added to                create the codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)), 0^((m)), p^((m))),                m≤N_(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch) such that                H·(c_((m)))^(T)=0, parity bits are computed applying for                L_(CW)=672, R=7/8 LDPC matrix            -   iii. Finally, the zero bits are discarded to create the                output codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)),p^((m))), m≤N_(CW i)                _(user) _(i) _(ch)        -   i. If ρ=1 and L_(CW)=1008, R=5/6:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 840 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₈₄₀                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch)            -   ii. To each data word, zero bits 0^((m))=(0₁ ^((m)), 0₂                ^((m)), . . . , 0₃₃₆ ^((m))) and parity bits p^((m))=(p₁                ^((m)), p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p₁₆₈ ^((m))) are added to                create the codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)), 0^((m)), p^((m))),                m≤N_(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch) such that                H·(c_((m)))^(T)=0, parity bits are computed applying                L_(CW)=1344, R=7/8 LDPC matrix            -   iii. Finally, the zero bits are discarded to create the                output codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)),p^((m))), m≤N_(CW i)                _(user) _(i) _(ch)        -   j. If ρ=1 and L_(CW)=468, R=5/6:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 390 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₃₉₀                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch)            -   ii. To each data word, zero bits 0^((m))=(0₁ ^((m)), 0₂                ^((m)), . . . , 0₁₅₆ ^((m))) and parity bits p^((m))=(p₁                ^((m)), p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p₁₂₆ ^((m))) are added to                create the codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)), 0^((m)), p^((m))),                m≤N_(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch) such that                H·(c_((m)))^(T)=0, parity bits are computed applying                L_(CW)=672, R=13/16 LDPC matrix            -   iii. Finally, the zero bits are discarded and the first                48 parity bits are discarded (punctured) to create the                output codeword                c ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₃₉₀ ^((m))                ,p ₄₉ ^((m)) ,p ₅₀ ^((m)) , . . . ,p ₁₂₆ ^((m))),m≤N                _(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch)        -   k. If ρ=1 and L_(CW)=936, R=5/6:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 780 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₇₈₀                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch)            -   ii. To each data word, zero bits 0^((m))=(0₁ ^((m)), 0₂                ^((m)), . . . , 0₃₁₂ ^((m))) and parity bits p^((m))=(p₁                ^((m)), p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p₂₅₂ ^((m))) are added to                create the codeword c_((m))=(b^((m)), 0^((m)), p^((m))),                m≤N_(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch) such that                H·(c_((m)))^(T)=0, parity bits are computed applying                L_(CW)=1344, R=13/16 LDPC matrix            -   iii. Finally, the zero bits are discarded and the first                96 parity bits are discarded (punctured) to create the                output codeword                c ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₇₈₀ ^((m))                ,p ₉₇ ^((m)) ,p ₉₈ ^((m)) , . . . ,p ₂₅₂ ^((m))),m≤N                _(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(ch)

    -   d) For each i_(ch)-th channel concatenate LDPC codewords one        after the other to create the coded bits stream

(c_(i_(ch))⁽¹⁾, c_(i_(ch))⁽²⁾, …, c_(i_(ch))^((N_(CW_(i_(user)i_(ch)))))), i_(ch) = 1, 2.

-   -   e) Compute the number of coded pad bits for i_(ch)-th channel,

N_(BLK_PADi_(user)i_(ch)),

-   -    using the number of SC symbol blocks, N_(BLKS i) _(user) _(i)        _(ch) , e.g., as follows:        -   For 2.16+2.16 GHz and 4.32+4.32 GHz channel bandwidth            configuration, define the number of pad bits and SC symbol            blocks, e.g., as follows:

${N_{{BLKS}i_{user}} = {\max\limits_{{i_{ch} = 1},2}\left( N_{{BLKS}i_{user}i_{ch}} \right)}}{{N_{{BLKS}i_{user}i_{ch}} = \left\lceil \frac{N_{{CW}i_{user}i_{ch}} \cdot L_{{CW}i_{user}i_{ch}}}{N_{SPB} \cdot N_{CB} \cdot M_{i_{user}i_{ch}}} \right\rceil},{i_{ch} = {1,2}}}{{{{If}{BRP}{PPDU}{and}N_{{BLKS}i_{user}}} < N_{{BLKS}\min}},{{{then}N_{{BLKS}i_{user}}} = N_{{BLKS}\min}}}{{N_{{BLK\_ PAD}i_{user}i_{ch}} = {{N_{{BLKS}i_{user}} \cdot N_{SPB} \cdot N_{CB} \cdot M_{i_{user}i_{ch}}} - {N_{{CW}i_{user}i_{ch}} \cdot L_{{CW}i_{user}i_{ch}}}}},{i_{ch} = {1,2}}}$

-   -   -   For 2.16 GHz, 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, and 8.64 GHz channel            bandwidth configuration, define the number of pad bits and            SC symbol blocks, e.g., as follows:

${N_{{BLKS}i_{user}} = \left\lceil \frac{N_{{{CW}i_{user}i_{ch}} = 1} \cdot L_{{{CW}i_{user}i_{ch}} = 1}}{N_{SPB} \cdot N_{CB} \cdot M_{i_{user}}} \right\rceil}{M_{i_{user}} = {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SS}i_{user}}}N_{{CBPS}i_{user}i_{ss}}}}{{{{If}{BRP}{PPDU}{and}N_{{BLKS}i_{user}}} < N_{{BLKS}\min}},{{{then}N_{{BLKS}i_{user}}} = N_{{BLKS}\min}}}{{{If}{STBC}{applied}{and}N_{{BLKS}i_{user}}{is}{odd}},{{{then}N_{{BLKS}i_{user}}} = {N_{{BLKS}i_{user}} + 1}}}{N_{{{BLK\_ PAD}i_{user}i_{ch}} = 1} = {{N_{{BLKS}i_{user}} \cdot N_{SPB} \cdot N_{CB} \cdot M_{i_{user}}} - {N_{{{CW}i_{user}i_{ch}} = 1} \cdot L_{{{CW}i_{user}i_{ch}} = 1}}}}$

-   -   f) Concatenate coded bits for i_(ch)-th channel with N_(BLKSi)        _(user) _(i) _(ch) zero bits. They are scrambled using the        continuation of the scrambler sequence that scrambled the PSDU        bits and data pad bits at the step b). The zero bits for        i_(ch)=1 channel are scrambled first and the zero bits for        i_(ch)=2 channel are scrambled second.    -   g) Distribute the encoded and padded bits over the N_(SSi)        _(user) spatial streams on the group basis with the number of        N_(CBPSi) _(user) _(i) _(SS) bits in the group:        -   For 2.16+2.16 GHz and 4.32+4.32 GHz channel bandwidth            configuration, distribute the bits for i_(ch)=1 channel and            i_(ch)=2 channel, for example, independently, e.g., as            follows:            -   i_(ch)=1 channel: The 1^(st) group of bits comes to the                1^(st) stream, the 2^(nd) group of bits comes to the                2^(nd) stream and so on. The procedure is repeated when                the N_(SSi) _(user) /2 spatial streams is reached. The                procedure ends up when all PSDU bits including padded                bits are distributed over the N_(SSi) _(user) /2 spatial                streams.            -   i_(ch)=2 channel: The 1^(st) group of bits comes to the                (N_(SSi) _(user) /2+1)^(th) stream, the 2^(nd) group of                bits comes to the (N_(SSi) _(user) /2+2)^(th) stream and                so on. The procedure is repeated when the N_(SSi)                _(user) spatial streams is reached. The procedure ends                up when all PSDU bits including padded bits are                distributed over the N_(SSi) _(user) /2 spatial streams.        -   For 2.16 GHz, 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, and 8.64 GHz channel            bandwidth configuration, distribute the bits, e.g., as            follows:            -   The 1^(st) group of bits comes to the 1^(st) stream, the                2^(nd) group of bits comes to the 2^(nd) stream and so                on. The procedure is repeated when the N_(SSi) _(user)                spatial streams is reached. The procedure ends up when                all PSDU bits including padded bits are distributed over                the N_(SSi) _(user) spatial streams.                For example, for each user, if STBC coding is applied,                then a single spatial stream N_(SSi) _(user) =1 is to                two space-time streams N_(SSi) _(user) =2. Otherwise, a                one-to-one mapping of N_(SSi) _(user) spatial streams to                N_(SSi) _(user) space-time streams shall be applied.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the value of N_(BLKSmin) may bedefined on a per user basis, for example, in a Requested BRP SC Blocksfield within a responder's EDMG Capabilities element, and/or in anyother message and/or field.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, if the Requested BRP SCBlocks field is not included in the EDMG Capabilities element, thenN_(BLKSmin) may be set to a predefined value, for example,N_(BLKSmin)=aBRPminSCblocks, or any other value.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured toencode the PSDU bits of a SC EDMG PPDU according to an encodingprocedure including some or all of the operations of the LDPC encodingprocedure described above and/or one or more additional or alternativeoperations, parameters, and/or procedures.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of PPDUs, for example, EDMG PPDUs, for example, OFDMPPDUs, e.g., in accordance with an IEEE 802.11ay Specification and/orany other specification.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of OFDM PHY PPDUs, for example, EDMG OFDM PHY PPDUs, forexample, according to an EDMG transmission mode for OFDM PHY, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moretransmissions of the OFDM PPDUs, for example, according to atransmission mode, which may be configured to support transmission ofOFDM PPDUs over a 2.16 GHz bandwidth, a 4.32 GHz bandwidth, a 6.48 GHzbandwidth, a 8.64 GHz bandwidth, and/or any other bandwidth, forexample, using one or more space-time streams and/or one or moretransmit chains and/or antennas.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more operations to support OFDMtransmission of an EDMG PPDU, for example, according to an OFDM PHY EDMGPPDU transmission mode, which may be configured to support an SUtransmission mode and/or an MU transmission mode, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more operations, functionalities and/orprocedures to generate one or more EDMG PPDUs, for example, SU EDMG OFDMPPDUs and/or MU EDMG OFDM PPDUs, for example, by processing a payloadincluding one or more data bits, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moreEDMG PPDUs, for example, SU EDMG OFDM PPDUs and/or MU EDMG OFDM PPDUs,for example, according to an encoding procedure and/or scheme, which maybe configured in accordance with a vertical MIMO encoding approach,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the vertical MIMO encoding approachmay be implemented, for example, instead of and/or to replace one ormore operations of, a horizontal MIMO encoding approach, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive and/or process one or moreEDMG PPDUs, for example, SU EDMG OFDM PPDUs and/or MU EDMG OFDM PPDUs,for example, according to an encoding procedure, which may be configuredto support and/or enable the generation of EDMG OFDM PPDUs using avertical approach, e.g., as described below.

For example, according to a horizontal approach, an encoding scheme maybe referred to as a horizontal MIMO encoding scheme, for example, if theencoding scheme includes independently encoding different streams, e.g.,groups of bits, after a stream parser, for example, by different and/orindependent encoders, e.g., LDPC encoders.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to transmit, receive, and/or process EDMG PPDUs, e.g., OFDMEDMG

PPDUs, according to a MIMO encoding scheme (also referred to as “avertical encoding scheme”), e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the MIMO encoding scheme may beconfigured to perform encoding, e.g., LDPC encoding, for example, afterscrambling and before stream parsing, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, applying the encoding,e.g., the LDPC encoding, prior to the stream parsing may allow, forexample, providing a same code rate for a plurality of streams, e.g.,some or all streams, for example, as opposed to the horizontal MIMOencoding which may result in different code rates for each of thedifferent streams.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement a vertical encoding procedure, for example, forencoding EDMG OFDM PPDUs, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to generate an LDPC coded bit stream for a user based on databits of a PSDU for the user in an EDMG OFDM PPDU, the LDPC coded bitstream for the user including a concatenation of a plurality of LDPCcodewords, a count of the plurality of LDPC codewords is based at leaston a codeword length for the user and on a code rate for the user;generate encoded and padded bits for the user by concatenating the LDPCcoded bit stream with a plurality of coded pad zero bits, a count of thecoded pad zero bits is based at least on a count of one or more spatialstreams for the user and on the count of the plurality of LDPC codewordsfor the user; distribute the encoded and padded bits for the user to theone or more spatial streams for the user; and transmit the EDMG OFDMPPDU in a transmission over a channel bandwidth in a frequency bandabove 45 GHz, the transmission based on the one or more spatial streamsfor the user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to determine the count of the coded pad zero bits, forexample, based on a count of OFDM symbols for the user, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the count of OFDM symbols for theuser may be based, for example, at least on the count of one or morespatial streams for the user and on the count of the plurality of LDPCcodewords for the user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to determine the count of OFDM symbols for the user, forexample, based on a count of data subcarriers, and on a count of codedbits per constellation point per spatial stream for the user, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement a transmit architecture, which may be configuredto support generation of EDMG OFDM PPDUs using a vertical encodingapproach, e.g., as describe described.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a transmitter block architecture,e.g., for EDMG OFDM PPDU transmission, may be configured, for example,according to a vertical encoding scheme, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, EDMG OFDM PPDU transmissions may begenerated, processed, transmitted, and/or received, for example,according to a vertical encoding procedure, which may be based on one ormore architecture blocks, functionalities, and/or operations, forexample, one or more of, e.g., some or all of, the blocks describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the vertical encoding procedure mayimplement a scrambler, which may be configured, for example, to scrambledata, e.g., at least to reduce the probability of long sequences of 0sand 1s.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the vertical encoding procedure mayimplement an encoder, for example, an LDPC encoder, which may beconfigured to encode the data, for example, to enable error correction.For example, the encoder may be configured to implement bit padding, forexample, to achieve an integer number of codewords and OFDM symbols.Some demonstrative embodiments are described herein with respect to anLDPC encoder. In other embodiments, any other alternative encoder may beimplemented.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the vertical encoding procedure mayimplement a stream parser, which may be configured to divide the outputof LDPC encoder into groups of bits, which may be, for example, sent todifferent mappers (“mapping devices”). The sequence of the bits sent toa mapping device may be referred to as a “spatial stream”.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the vertical encoding procedure mayimplement a constellation mapper, which may be configured to map thesequence of bits in each stream to constellation points (e.g., complexnumbers).

In some demonstrative embodiments, the vertical encoding procedure mayimplement an interleaver, which may be configured to performinterleaving, e.g., inside an OFDM symbol.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the vertical encoding procedure mayimplement an STBC encoder, which may be configured to spreadconstellation points, for example, from a number of spatial streams,e.g., N_(SS) spatial streams, into a number of space-time streams, e.g.,N_(STS) space-time streams, for example, according to a space-time blockcode.

In one example, an OFDM mode may define a single STBC scheme withN_(SS)=1 and N_(STS)=2. In other embodiments, any other STBC scheme, anyother number of spatial streams, and/or any other number of space-timestreams, may be implemented.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the vertical encoding procedure mayimplement a Preamble builder, which may be configured to build symbolsof one or more EDMG preamble fields, for example, EDMG-STF and/orEDMG-CEF fields, for example, in a frequency domain.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the vertical encoding procedure mayimplement a Training sequence (TRN) builder, which may be configured tobuild symbols of a TRN field.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the vertical encoding procedure mayimplement a spatial mapper, which may be configured to map thespace-time streams to transmit chains. For example, the spatial mappingmay be applied per subcarrier basis.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the spatial mapping may include oneof the followings spatial mapping schemes:

-   -   a. Direct mapping: constellation points from each space-time        stream are mapped directly into the transmit chains.    -   b. Indirect mapping: constellation points from each space-time        stream are mapped to each transmit chain.    -   c. Digital beamforming: each vector of constellation points from        all of the space-time streams is multiplied by a matrix of        steering vectors to produce the input to the transmit chains.

In other embodiments, any other additional or alternative spatialmapping scheme may be implemented.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the vertical encoding procedure mayimplement a Cyclic shift (CSD) insertion mechanism, which may beconfigured, for example, to mitigate and/or prevent transmission fromunintentional beamforming. For example, a cyclic shift may be specifiedper transmitter chain for a pre-EDMG portion of a PPDU transmission.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the vertical encoding procedure mayimplement an Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform (IDFT) mechanism, forexample, to apply an IDFT to an input block of subcarriers.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the vertical encoding procedure mayimplement a Guard Interval (GI) insertion and windowing mechanism, forexample, to prepend the OFDM symbol with a guard interval. The guardinterval may be defined, for example, as a cyclic extension of the OFDMsymbol, e.g., in a time domain, and may apply a window function.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 and/or device 140 may beconfigured to implement a transmit architecture, which may beconfigured, for example, for processing an EDMG portion of a SU PPDUtransmission, e.g., as described below.

Reference is made to FIG. 7 , which schematically illustrates an SUtransmitter architecture 700 according to an encoding scheme, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, devices 102 and/or 140(FIG. 1 ) may be configured implement one or more elements oftransmitter architecture 700, for example, to process an EDMG portion ofsingle-user EDMG OFDM PPDUs, e.g., according to a vertical encodingscheme.

For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may be configured to implementone or more elements and/or functionalities of transmitter architecture700.

For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may include circuitry and/orlogic configured to perform one or more functionalities and/oroperations of one or more elements of transmitter architecture 700.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more elements and/or blocks oftransmitter architecture 700 may be configured, for example, for SU EDMGOFDM

PPDU transmission, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more blocks of transmitterarchitecture 700 may be implemented, for example, to generate the EDMGportion of a SU OFDM PPDU transmission.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 7 , theEDMG-STF and/or EDMG-CEF fields may be generated, for example, using apreamble builder 714, an IDFT 718, and/or GI insertion blocks 720.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 7 , theTRN field may be generated, for example, using a TRN builder 716, IDFT718, and/or GI insertion blocks 720.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 7 , thedata part of the PPDU may be generated, for example, using a scrambler702, an LDPC encoder 704, a constellation mapper 708, an interleaver710, IDFT 718, and/or GI insertion blocks 720.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 7 , forexample, if an STBC encoder 712 is to be applied, a spatial stream,e.g., a single spatial stream, may be mapped to a plurality ofspace-time streams, e.g., two space-time streams. For example, theN_(STS) space-time streams may further mapped to N_(TX) transmit chains,e.g., where N_(STS)≤N_(TX).

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 7 , interleaver 710may be applied, for example, to one or more Quadrature AmplitudeModulation (QAM) schemes, e.g., only to 16-QAM and/or 64-QAMmodulations. In other embodiments, interleaver 710 may or may not beapplied for some or all modulations.

Referring back to FIG. 1 , in some demonstrative embodiments, device 102and/or device 140 may be configured to implement a transmitarchitecture, which may be configured, for example, for processing anEDMG portion of an MU OFDM PPDU transmission, e.g., as described below.

Reference is made to FIG. 8 , which schematically illustrates an MUtransmitter architecture 800 according to an encoding scheme, inaccordance with some demonstrative embodiments.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, devices 102 and/or 140(FIG. 1 ) may be configured implement one or more elements oftransmitter architecture 800, for example, to process an EDMG portion ofmulti-user EDMG OFDM PPDUs, e.g., according to a vertical encodingscheme.

For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may be configured to implementone or more elements and/or functionalities of transmitter architecture800.

For example, transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ) may include circuitry and/orlogic configured to perform one or more functionalities and/oroperations of one or more elements of transmitter architecture 800.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more elements and/or blocks oftransmitter architecture 800 may be configured, for example, for MU EDMGOFDM PPDU transmission, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more blocks of transmitterarchitecture 800 may be implemented, for example, to generate the EDMGportion of an MU OFDM PPDU transmission.

For example, as shown in FIG. 8 , transmitter architecture 800 mayinclude a plurality of processing modules 803 to process a respectiveplurality of EDMG PPDU portions to be transmitted to a respectiveplurality of users.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 8 , theEDMG-STF and/or EDMG-CEF fields may be generated, for example, using apreamble builder 814, IDFT 820, and/or GI insertion blocks 822.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 8 , theTRN field may be generated, for example, using a TRN builder 818, IDFT820, and/or GI insertion blocks 822.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 8 , anEDMG-Header-B, e.g., EDMG-Header B 216 (FIG. 2 ), and/or data part ofthe PPDU, e.g., data field 218 (FIG. 2 ), may be generated, for example,using a scrambler 802, an LDPC encoder 804, a constellation mapper 808,an interleaver 810, IDFT 820, and/or GI insertion blocks 822.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, the PPDU encoding mayuse a seed value defined in the EDMG-Header-B, and may have, forexample, an independent flow per user. However, a transmitter, e.g.,implemented according to transmitter architecture 800, may keep a commonspace-time stream numeration over all users.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, as shown in FIG. 8 , forexample, if an STBC encoder 812 is to be applied, a spatial stream,e.g., a single spatial stream, may be mapped to a plurality ofspace-time streams, e.g., two space-time streams. For example, theN_(STS) space-time streams may further mapped to N_(TX) transmit chains,e.g., where N_(STS)≤N_(TX).

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 8 , interleaver 810may be applied, for example, to one or more QAM schemes, e.g., only to16-QAM and/or 64-QAM modulations. In other embodiments, interleaver 810may or may not be applied for some or all modulations.

In some demonstrative embodiments, as shown in FIG. 8 , transmitterarchitecture 800 may include a spatial mapper 816 to map outputs of theplurality processing modules 803 to a plurality of transmit chains 845.

In some demonstrative embodiments, transmitter architecture 800 mayinclude some or all of the elements shown in FIG. 8 and/or one or moreelements may be optional and/or implemented in some configurations. Forexample, the STBC encoder may optionally be included, for example, whenSTBC is to be supported, e.g., as described above. For example, theinterleaver may be included, for example, for one or more modulationschemes, e.g., as described above.

Referring back to FIG. 1 , in some demonstrative embodiments, an LDPCencoder, e.g., LDPC encoder 704 (FIG. 7 ) and/or LDPC encoder 804 (FIG.8 ), may be configured to encode an EDMG OFDM PSDU, for example, by asystematic LDPC block code, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, processing and/or communication ofthe EDMG OFDM PHY PPDU may be defined and/or performed based on one ormore of the following parameters, and/or one or more additional oralternative parameters:

TABLE 3 Symbol Explanation i_(SS) Spatial stream number N_(SS i) _(user)Total number of spatial streams for i_(user)-th user i_(user) Usernumber N_(user) Total number of users in a multi user transmissioni_(STS i) _(user) Space-time stream number for i_(user)-th userN_(STS i) _(user) Total number of space-time streams for i_(user)-thuser i_(STS) Space-time stream number over all users N_(STS) Totalnumber of space-time streams over all users Length_(i) _(user) PSDUlength in octets for i_(user)-th user L_(CW) LDPC codeword length inbits, it can be equal to 624, 672, 1248, and/or 1344, and/or any othervalue L_(CW i) _(user) LDPC codeword length or i_(user)-th L_(CWD)Number of systematic data bits per LDPC codeword L_(CWP) Number ofparity bits per LDPC codeword R_(i) _(user) LDPC code rate fori_(user)-th user, and can be equal to ½, 5/8, ¾, 13/16, 7/8, and/or anyother value N_(CW i) _(user) Total number of LDPC codewords fori_(user)-th user N_(DATA_PAD  i_(user)) Number of pad bits for thei_(user)-th user to reach an integer number of LDPC codewords N_(SYMS i)_(user) Total number of OFDM symbols for i_(user)-th user N_(SYMS min)Minimum number of total OFDM symbols for BRP PPDU transmissionN_(SYM_PAD  i_(user)) Number of pad bits for the i_(user)-th user to getinteger number of OFDM symbols N_(BPSC i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) Number ofcoded bits per constellation point for the i_(user)-th user andi_(SS)-th spatial stream N_(SYMS max) Maximum number of OFDM symbolsover all users N_(PAD_SYMS  i_(user)) The number of pad OFDM symbols forthe i_(user)-th user required to align PPDUs over different users intime

In some demonstrative embodiments, some or all of the parameters ofTable 3 may be implemented, one or more parameters may be defined in adifferent manner, and/or one or more additional or alternativeparameters may be implemented.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, a data word, e.g., eachdata word, of L_(CWD) information bits may be concatenated with L_(CWP)parity bits to create a codeword of length L_(CW)=L_(CWD)+L_(CWP) bits.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG LDPC encoding may beconfigured to employ codeword lengths of L_(CW)=624, 672, 1248, and/or1344, and/or code rates of R=1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 13/16, and/or 7/8, and/orany other codeword length.

In one example, the EDMG LDPC encoding may be configured to support oneor more of the following code rates:

TABLE 4 Number of data bits- Codeword length - L_(CW) L_(CWD) Code rateShort Long Short Long ½ 672 1344 336 672 ⅝ 672 1344 420 840 ¾ 672 1344504 1008 13/16 672 1344 546 1092 ⅞ 624 or 672 1248 or 1344 546 or 5881092 or 1176

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, the LDPC encoding withcodeword length L_(CW)=672 and/or 1344 may be performed by solving thelinear system of equations H·(c_((m)))^(T)=0 defined by the paritymatrix H of size L_(CWP) by L_(CW), where c^((m))=(b^((m)),p^((m)))defines the m-th LDPC codeword, b^((m))=(b₁ ^((m)), b₂ ^((m)), . . . ,b_(L) _(CWD) ^((m))) defines the m-th data word, and p^((m))=(p₁ ^((m)),p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p_(L) _(CWP) ^((m))) defines parity bits for m-thLDPC codeword.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, the LDPC encoding withcodeword length L_(CW)=624 and/or 1248 may employ the original matricesH with L_(CW)=672 and 1344 for code rate R=13/16, and may then apply apuncturing procedure to get a desired code rate R=7/8. For example, forL_(CW)=624, the first 48 parity bits may be discarded, and/or forL_(CW)=1248, the first 96 parity bits are discarded.

In other embodiments, any other additional and/or alternative encodingconfigurations, codeword lengths and/or code rates may be implemented.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to implement one or more operations and/or functionalities ofan encoding procedure, which may support and/or enable the generation ofEDMG OFDM PPDUs using a vertical encoding scheme, for example, accordingto the scheme of FIG. 7 and/or FIG. 8 , e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the encoding procedure may beconfigured for an OFDM mode EDMG SU PSDU and/or an OFDM mode EDMG MUPSDU, e.g., per user basis encoding.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an EDMG LDPC encoding, which may beconfigured to employ codeword lengths of L_(CW)=624, 672, 1248, and/or1344, and/or code rates of R=1/2, 5/8, 3/4, 13/16, and/or 7/8, may beimplemented, e.g., as described below. In other embodiments, any otheradditional or alternative encoding configurations, codeword lengthsand/or code rates may be implemented.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to generate, transmit, receive, and/or process one or moreEDMG PPDUs, e.g., EDMG OFDM PPDUs, according to an encoding scheme,e.g., a vertical encoding scheme, which may include encoding data bits,for example, scrambled data bits, e.g., scrambled PSDU bits, forexample, prior to stream parsing, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured togenerate a sequence of scrambled bits based on data bits for a user,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the sequence of scrambled bits mayinclude scrambled data bits and scrambled data padding bits, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the number of data padding bits maybe determined, for example, prior to stream parsing, e.g., based on thelength of the data bits, e.g., for a user, the number of codewords,e.g., for the user, the codeword length, e.g., for the user, and/or thecode rate, e.g., for the user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured toencode the sequence of scrambled bits into codewords, e.g., into LDPCcodewords, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured togenerate a coded bit stream based on the codewords, e.g., byconcatenating the LDPC codewords, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured togenerate a sequence of encoded padded bits based on the coded bit streamand coded pad bits, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured todetermine a number of the coded pad bits, for example, based on a numberof OFDM symbols, e.g., for the user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured todetermine a number of the coded pad bits, for example, based on a numberof spatial streams to be implemented, e.g., for the user, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured todetermine the number of coded pad bits, for example, based on a numberof codewords to be implemented, e.g., for the user, e.g., as describedbelow.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured todetermine the number of coded pad bits, for example, based on a sum of aplurality of numbers of coded bits per constellation point correspondingto a plurality of spatial streams, e.g., to be implemented for the user,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured todistribute the sequence of encoded and padded bits over the spatialstreams, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured totransmit an OFDM transmission based on the spatial streams, e.g. over achannel bandwidth in a frequency band above 45 GHz.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured toimplement an EDMG LDPC encoding process, for example, to encode databits for a user, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an EDMG LDPC encoding process for ani_(user)-th user may include one or more operations, e.g., as follows:

-   -   a) Compute the number of data pad bits

N_(DATA_PADi_(user)),

-   -    using the number of bits in the group Ng_(i) _(user) _(i) _(SS)        and the number of LDPC codewords N_(CW i) _(user) _(i) _(SS) ,        e.g., as follows:

${N_{{CW}i_{user}} = \left\lceil \frac{{Length}_{i_{user}} \cdot 8}{L_{{CW}i_{user}} \cdot R_{i_{user}}} \right\rceil}{N_{{DATA\_ PAD}i_{user}} = {{N_{{CW}i_{user}} \cdot L_{{CW}i_{user}} \cdot R_{i_{user}}} - {{Length}_{i_{user}} \cdot 8}}}$

-   -    The scrambled PSDU is concatenated with

N_(DATA_PADi_(user))

-   -    zero bits. They are scrambled using the continuation of the        scrambler sequence that scrambled the PSDU input bits.    -   b) Convert the scrambled PSDU bits to LDPC codewords, e.g., as        follows:        -   a. If L_(CW)=672, 1344:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length L_(CWD)=L_(CW)×R bits such that the                m-th data word is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b _(L) _(CWD)                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user)            -   ii. To each data word, parity bits p^((m))=(p₁ ^((m)),                p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p_(L) _(CWP) ^((m))),                L_(CWP)=L_(CW)−L_(CWD), are added to create the codeword                c^((m))=(b^((m)),p^((m))), m≤N_(CW i) _(user) such that                H·(c_((m)))^(T)=0        -   b. If L_(CW)=624, R=7/8:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 546 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₅₄₆                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user)            -   ii. To each data word, parity bits p^((m))=(p₁ ^((m)),                p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p_(L) ₁₂₆ ^((m))) are added to create                the codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)),p^((m))),_(m)<N such that                H·(c_((m)))^(T)=0, parity bits are computed applying                L_(CW)=672, R=13/16 LDPC matrix            -   iii. Finally, the first 48 parity bits are discarded                (punctured) to create the output codeword                c ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₅₄₆ ^((m))                ,p ₄₉ ^((m)) ,p ₅₀ ^((m)) , . . . ,p ₁₂₆ ^((m))),m≤N                _(CW i) _(user)        -   c. If L_(CW)=1248, R=7/8:            -   i. The output stream of scrambler is broken into the                blocks of length 1092 bits such that the m-th data word                is                b ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₁₀₉₂                ^((m))),m≤N _(CW i) _(user)            -   ii. To each data word, parity bits p^((m))=(p₁ ^((m)),                p₂ ^((m)), . . . , p_(L) ₂₅₂ ^((m))) are added to create                the codeword c^((m))=(b^((m)),p^((m))), m≤N_(CW i)                _(user) such that H·(c_((m)))^(T)=0, parity bits are                computed applying L_(CW)=1344, R=13/16 LDPC matrix            -   iii. Finally, the first 96 parity bits are discarded                (punctured) to create the output codeword                c ^((m))=(b ₁ ^((m)) ,b ₂ ^((m)) , . . . ,b ₁₀₉₂ ^((m))                ,p ₉₇ ^((m)) ,p ₉₈ ^((m)) , . . . ,p ₂₅₂ ^((m))),m≤N                _(CW i) _(user)    -   c) Concatenate LDPC codewords one after the other to create the        coded bits stream

(c⁽¹⁾, c⁽²⁾, …, c^((N_(CW_(i_(user)))))).

-   -   d) Compute the number of coded pad bits

N_(SYM_PADi_(user)),

-   -    using the number of OFDM symbols, N_(SYMSi) _(user) , e.g., as        follows:

${N_{{SYMS}i_{user}} = \left\lceil \frac{N_{{CW}i_{user}} \cdot L_{{CW}i_{user}}}{N_{SD} \cdot {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SS}i_{user}}}N_{{BPSC}i_{user}i_{SS}}}} \right\rceil}{{{{If}{BRP}{PPDU}{and}N_{{SYMS}i_{user}}} < N_{{SYMS}\min}},}$thenN_(SYMSi_(user)) = N_(SYMSmin )IfSTBCappliedandN_(SYMSi_(user))isodd,${{{then}N_{{SYMS}i_{user}}} = {N_{{SYMS}i_{user}} + 1}}{N_{{SYM\_ PAD}i_{user}} = {{N_{{SYMS}i_{user}} \cdot N_{SD} \cdot {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SS}i_{user}}}N_{{BPSC}i_{user}i_{SS}}}} - {N_{{CW}i_{user}} \cdot L_{{CW}i_{user}}}}}$

-   -    Concatenate coded bits with

N_(SYM_PADi_(user))

-   -    zero bits. They are scrambled using the continuation of the        scrambler sequence that scrambled the PSDU bits and data pad        bits at the step a).    -   e) Distribute the encoded and padded bits over the N_(SSi)        _(user) spatial streams on the group basis with the number of        N_(CBPSi) _(user) _(i) _(SS) bits in the group. The first group        of bits comes to the first spatial stream, the second group of        bits comes to the second spatial stream, and so on. The        procedure may be repeated, for example, when the maximum number        of spatial streams N_(SSi) _(user) is reached. The procedure        end, for example, when all PSDU encoded bits including

N_(SYM_PADi_(user))

-   -    pad bits are distributed over the N_(SSi) _(user) spatial        streams.        For example, for each user, if STBC coding is applied, then a        single spatial stream N_(SSi) _(user) =1 is mapped to two        space-time streams N_(SSi) _(user) =2. Otherwise, a one-to-one        mapping of N_(SSi) _(user) spatial streams to N_(SSi) _(user)        space-time streams shall be applied.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the value of N_(SYMSmin) may bedefined, for example, per user basis, for example, asN_(SYMSmin)=aBRPminOFDMblocks. In other definition may be implemented.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured toencode an OFDM EDMG SU PPDU according to an encoding procedure includingsome or all of the operations of the EDMG LDPC encoding proceduredescribed above and/or one or more additional or alternative operations,parameters, and/or procedures.

In some demonstrative embodiments, device 102 may be configured toimplement an EDMG LDPC encoding process, for example, to encode an OFDMEDMG MU PPDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an EDMG LDPC encoding process for anOFDM EDMG MU PPDU may include, for example, MU-PPDU padding and/orspace-time streams mapping, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, for MU PPDUtransmission, all user PPDUs shall be aligned in time.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more operations and/orprocedure may be implemented, for example, if necessary to achieve thistime alignment, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, if necessary, user PSDUsshall be padded, e.g., as follows:

-   -   a) Compute the maximum number of OFDM symbols over all users

${N_{{SYMS}\max} = {{\max\limits_{i_{user}}{\left( N_{{SYMS}i_{user}} \right){for}i_{user}}} = 1}},2,\ldots,{N_{user}.}$

-   -   b) Update the number of OFDM symbols at step e) as N_(SYMS i)        _(user) =N_(SYMS max) for i_(user)=1, 2, . . . , N_(user).        Update the number of pad bits for i_(user)-th user accordingly.    -   c) The number of pad OFDM symbols for MU PPDU transmission for        i_(user)-th user is defined as

N_(PAD_SYMSi_(user)) = N_(SYMSmax ) − N_(SYMSi_(user)).The number of pad symbols N_(PAD_SYMS i) _(user) takes into account MUPPDU padding only and does not include the regular padding.

In other embodiments, any other additional or alternative paddingoperations may be implemented, for example, to achieve time alignmentbetween the user PPDUs.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a receiver of a PPDU in the MU PPDUtransmission, e.g., device 140, may be configured to compute the numberof pad OFDM symbols

N_(PAD_SYMSi_(user)),for example, using an overall PPDU time duration.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, the PPDU time durationmay be computed, for example, using an MCS and/or a PSDU Length, whichmay be defined in the L-Header; an MCS and/or PSDU Length, which may bedefined, for example, in the EDMG-Header-B; and/or a TRN field duration,which may be defined in the EDMG-Header-A.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, in case of a non-zerospoofing error and if spoofing error duration is shorter than one OFDMsymbol duration (T_(OFDM-SYM)=T_(DFT)+T_(GI)), the fractional part ofOFDM symbol may be discarded.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, in case of a non-zerospoofing error and if spoofing error duration is longer than or equal toOFDM symbol duration, the one OFDM symbol and possible fractional partof OFDM symbol may be discarded. This second case may be, for example,signaled by a Spoofing error indicator bit defined in the EDMG-Header-B.

In some demonstrative embodiments, this described procedure may allowthe receiver to unambiguously find the beginning of the TRN field, e.g.,if one is appended to the MU PPDU.

In other embodiments, any other parameters, mechanism and/or calculationmay be implemented to determine the PPDU time duration.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the space-time stream index per useri_(STS i) _(user) may be mapped to the space-time stream index over allusers i_(STS), e.g., as follows:

${{i_{STS}\left( {i_{user},i_{{STSi}_{user}}} \right)} = {{\sum\limits_{m = 0}^{i_{user} - 1}{Num_{m}}} + i_{{STSi}_{user}}}},{1 \leq i_{{STSi}_{user}} \leq N_{{STSi}_{user}}},{1 \leq i_{user} \leq N_{user}}$Num_(m) = N_(STSm)  for  m > 0  and  Num_(m) = 0  otherwiseFor example, the index i_(STS) may be a function of the i_(user) andi_(STS i) _(user) indices. However, to simplify notations thisdependence is not indicated explicitly in other equations.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more EDMG header fields of theEDMG PPDU may be configured to support superimposed codes, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG Header-A field and/or theEDMG Header-B field may be configured to support superimposed codes,e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a “Superimposed Code Applied” fieldmay be included in the EDMG-Header-A and/or the EDMG-Header-B, forexample, if necessary to indicate a codeword length, e.g., for the 7/8LDPC code.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG Header A field may beconfigured to include the “Superimposed Code Applied” field, e.g., asfollows:

TABLE 5 EDMG-Header-A field structure and definition for a SU PPDUNumber Start Field of bits bit Description Superimposed 1 15 Set to 1 toindicate superimposed code Code Applied with codeword length 672 or 1344application for LDPC code with rate ⅞. Set to 0 to indicate puncturingcode with codeword length 624 or 1248 application for LDPC code withrate ⅞.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG Header B field may beconfigured to include the “Superimposed Code Applied” field, e.g., asfollows:

TABLE 6 EDMG-Header-B field structure and definition Number Start Fieldof bits bit Description Superimposed 1 35 Set to 1 to indicatesuperimposed code Code Applied with codeword length 672 or 1344application for LDPC code with rate ⅞. Set to 0 to indicate puncturingcode with codeword length 624 or 1248 application for LDPC code withrate ⅞.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more header fields, forexample, one or more EDMG header fields, of the EDMG PPDU may beconfigured to provide Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) relatedinformation, for example, which may be configured to support theencoding of the PPDU, e.g., according to the vertical encoding approach.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an EDMG-Header-A, e.g., EDMG-Header-A208 (FIG. 2 ), and/or an EDMG-Header-B, e.g., EDMG-Header-B 216 (FIG. 2), of the EDMG PPDU may be configured to include one or more MCS-relatedsubfields, which may be configured and/or defined to support thevertical encoding approach, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to generate an EDMG Header field of an EDMG PPDU, forexample, EDMG PPDU 200 (FIG. 2 ), e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG Header field may include abase MCS subfield to indicate a base MCS, and one or more differentialMCS subfields corresponding to one or more spatial streams, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the base MCS may include a lowestindex MCS, and a differential MCS subfield corresponding to a spatialstream is to indicate an MCS of the spatial stream relative to the baseMCS, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the base MCS subfield may include 5bits, and a differential MCS subfield may include two bits, e.g., asdescribed below.

In other embodiments, the base MCS subfield and the differential MCSsubfield may include any other number of bits.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to include the base MCS subfield and the one or moredifferential MCS subfields in an EDMG Header A, e.g., EDMG-Header-A 208(FIG. 2 ), of the EDMG PPDU, for example, when the EDMG PPDU includes anEDMG SU PPDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the EDMG Header A may include up toeight differential MCS subfields corresponding to up to eight respectivespatial streams, e.g., as described below. In other embodiments, anyother number of differential MCS subfields may be supported.

In some demonstrative embodiments, controller 124 may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control the wireless station implemented bydevice 102 to include the base MCS subfield and the one or moredifferential MCS subfields in an EDMG Header B, e.g., EDMG-Header-B 216(FIG. 2 ), for a user, for example, when the EDMG PPDU includes an EDMGMU PPDU, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, one or more new subfield definitionsmay be implemented for the EDMG-Header-A and/or EDMG-Header-B of EDMGPPDUs, for example, to support the use of a vertical MIMO encodingprocedure, e.g., as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, in case of channel aggregation isused, one or more fields of the EDMG-Header-A and/or EDMG-Header-B maybe configured to support a case in which streams transmitted indifferent aggregated channels may have different coding rates, e.g., asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, it may not be advantageous toimplement the following definition for an EDMG-MCS subfield within theEDMG-Header-A field of a single-user (SU) EDMG PPDU:

TABLE 7 EDMG- 21 41 If the number of SSs, as indicated by the MCS Numberof SS field, is 4 or less, the EDMG-MSC field is as defined in Table 25.Otherwise, the EDMG-MCS field is as defined in Table 26.wherein “Table 25” and “Table 26” are defined as:

TABLE 8 “Table 25-EDMG-MCS field destination when the number of spatialstreams is 4 or less” Number Start Subfield of bits bit DescriptionEDMG- 5 0 Indicates the modulation and coding MCS1 scheme for the firstspatial stream. EDMG- 5 5 Indicates the modulation and coding MCS2scheme for the second spatial stream. This field is reserved if thenumber of spatial streams is 1. EDMG- 5 10 Indicates the modulation andcoding MCS3 scheme for the third spatial stream. This field is reservedif the value of the number of spatial streams is 2 or less. EDMG- 5 15Indicates the modulation and coding MCS4 scheme for the fourth spatialscheme. This field is reserved if the value of the number of spatialstreams is 3 or less. Reserved 1 20 Set to 0 by the transmitter andignored by the receiver.

TABLE 9 “Table 26-EDMG-MCS field definition when the number of spatialstreams is 5 or greater” Number Start Subfield of bits bit DescriptionBase MCS 5 0 Indicates the lowest index of the modulation and codingscheme that is used to define the modulation and coding scheme of thespatial streams. Differential 2 5 Each of these differential MCS EDMG-subfields is set as follows: MCS1 0: indicates the same MCS as theDifferential 2 7 Base MCS subfield with the same EDMG- code rate MCS2 1:indicates one higher order Differential 2 9 modulation than the Base MSCEDMG- subfield with the same code rate MCS3 2: indicates two higherorder Differential 2 11 modulation than the Base MSC EDMG- subfield withthe same code rate MCS4 3: indicates three higher order Differential 213 modulation than the Base MSC EDMG- subfield with the same code rateMCS5 The Differential EDMG-MCS6 Differential 2 15 subfield is reservedif the number of EDMG- spatial streams is 5. MCS6 The DifferentialEDMG-MCS subfield Differential 2 17 is reserved if the value of thenumber EDMG- of spatial streams is 6 or less. MCS7 The DifferentialDifferential 2 19 EDMG-MCS6 subfield is reserved if EDMG- the number ofspatial streams is 7 or MCS8 less. If the MCS indicated by the value ofthe Base MCS subfield has a code rate of ½, then a code rate of ⅝ shallbe used for any differential MCS that indicates 64-QAM modulation.

For example, a signaling according to the above definition may not beadequate to support a case in which a plurality of streams, e.g., somestreams or even all streams, use the same code rate, e.g., in verticalMIMO.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an EDMG-Header-A signaling scheme maybe configured according to a signaling approach, which may be suitableto support a case in which a plurality of streams, e.g., some streams oreven all streams, use the same code rate, e.g., in vertical MIMO, asdescribed below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a “Base MCS” may be defined as theMCS with a lowest index among the ones used in all spatial streams.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the Base MCS may be signaled using 5bits, e.g., as described below. In other embodiments, any other numberof bits may be used.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a differential MCS signaling may beimplemented to indicate the MCS of each spatial stream, for example,with respect to the Base MCS.

In some demonstrative embodiments, a 2-bit differential MCS signaling isused to indicate the MCS of each spatial stream with respect to the BaseMCS, e.g., as described below. In other embodiments, any other number ofbits may be used.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the differential MCS may beconfigured according to the following encoding:

-   -   0: indicates the same MCS as the Base MCS subfield    -   1: indicates one higher order modulation than the Base MCS        subfield with the same code rate;    -   2: indicates two higher order modulation than the Base MCS        subfield with the same code rate;    -   3: indicates three higher order modulation than the Base MCS        subfield with the same code rate.

In other embodiments, the differential MCS may be encoded according toany other encoding scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, according to an EDMG-Header-Asignaling scheme, the EDMG-MCS subfield within the EDMG-Header-A fieldof a single-user (SU) EDMG PPDU may be defined, e.g., as follows:

TABLE 10 “Table 24-EDMG-Header-A field structure and definition for a SUPPDU” Number Start Field of bits bit Description EDMG- 21 41 TheEDMG-MCS field is as MCS defined in Table 26.where “Table 26” may be defined, e.g., as:

TABLE 11 “Table 26-EDMG-MCS field definition” Number Start Field of bitsbit Description Base MCS 5 0 Indicates the lowest index of themodulation and coding scheme that is used to define the modulation andcoding scheme of the spatial streams. Differential 2 5 Each of thesedifferential MCS EDMG- subfields is set as follows: MCS1 0: indicatesthe same MCS as Differential 2 7 the Base MCS subfield EDMG- 1:indicates one higher order MCS2 modulation than the Base MCSDifferential 2 9 subfield with the same code rate EDMG- 2: indicates twohigher order MCS3 modulation than the Base MCS Differential 2 11subfield with the same code rate EDMG- 3: indicates three higher orderMCS4 modulation than the Base MCS Differential 2 13 subfield with thesame code rate EDMG- If the MCS indicated by the MCS5 value of the BaseMCS subfield Differential 2 15 has a code rate of ½, then a EDMG- coderate of ⅝ shall be used for MCS6 any differential MCS that Differential2 17 indicates 64-QAM modulation. EDMG- MCS7 Differential 2 19 EDMG-MCS8For example, the Table 8 (also referred as “Table 25”) listed above maynot be needed according to this signaling scheme.

In some demonstrative embodiments, it may not be advantageous toimplement the following definition for EDMG-MCS subfields within theEDMG-Header-B field of an MU EDMG PPDU:

TABLE 12 Number Start Field of bits bit Description EDMG- 5 29 Indicatesthe modulation and coding MCS1 scheme for the first spatial stream. Ifthe IsSCPSDU field in the L-Header is equal to 1, this field contains aSC MCS index. If the IsSCPSDU field in the L-Header is equal to 0, thisfield contains an OFDM MCS index. EDMG- 5 34 Indicates the modulationand coding MCS2 scheme for the second spatial stream and is reserved ifthe number of spatial streams is 1. If the IsSCPSDU field in theL-Header is equal to 1, this field contains a SC MCS index. If theIsSCPSDU field in the L-Header is equal to 0, this field contains anOFDM MCS index.

In some demonstrative embodiments, an EDMG-Header-B signaling scheme maybe configured according to a signaling approach, which may be suitableto support a case in which a plurality of streams for a user, e.g., somestreams or even all streams, use the same code rate, e.g., in verticalMIMO, as described below.

In some demonstrative embodiments, according to an EDMG-Header-Bsignaling scheme, the definition of the MC S-related subfields withinthe EDMG-Header-B field may be configured, for example, to support avertical MIMO encoding scheme, e.g., as follows:

TABLE 13 “Table 31-EDMG-Header-B field structure and definition” NumberStart Field of bits bit Description Base MCS 5 29 Indicates the lowestindex of the modulation and coding scheme that is used to define themodulation and coding scheme of the spatial streams. Differential 2 34Each of the differential MCS EDMG- subfields is set as follows: MCS1 0:indicates the same MCS as the Differential 2 36 Base MCS subfield EDMG-1: indicates one higher order MCS2 modulation than the Base MCS subfieldwith the same code rate 2: indicates two higher order modulation thanthe Base MCS subfield with the same code rate 3: indicates three higherorder modulation than the Base MCS subfield with the same code rate Ifthe MCS indicated by the value of the Base MCS subfield has a code rateof ½, then a code rate of ⅝ shall be used for any differential MCS thatindicates 64-QAM modulation.

In some demonstrative embodiments, devices 102 and/or 140 may beconfigured to communicate EDMG PPDUs according to a carrier aggregationscheme, for example, by communicating the EDMG PPDU over an aggregatedchannel bandwidth including an aggregation of channels, for example, a2.16+2.16 GHz channel, a 4.32+4.32 GHz channel, and/or any otheraggregated channel bandwidth.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the subfields of the EDMG-Header-Aand/or the EDMG-Header-B, e.g., as described above, may be implementedto also support a case in which channel aggregation is used, forexample, such that the spatial streams transmitted over differentaggregated channels have the same code rate.

In some demonstrative embodiments, the subfields of the EDMG-Header-Aand/or the EDMG-Header-B subfields may be configured, e.g., as describedbelow, for example, to support a case of an encoding scheme in which thestreams transmitted in different channels may have different codingrates, among other possible schemes.

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, in a case of a channelaggregation encoding scheme where streams transmitted in differentchannels may have different coding rates and/or in any other encodingscheme, the EDMG-Header-A may be configured, e.g., as follows:

TABLE 14 “Table 24.B-EDMG-Header-A field structure and definition for aSU PPDU” Number Start Field of bits bit Description EDMG- 22 41 TheEDMG-MCS field is as MCS defined in Table 26.B.

TABLE 15 “Table 26.B-EDMG-MCS field definition” Number Start Field ofbits bit Description Code Rate, 3 0 Indicates the code rate of spatialchannel streams that are transmitted in the contains channel thatcontains the primary primary 2.16 GHz channel. The subfield is 2.16 GHzset as follows: channel 0: ½ 1: ⅝ 2: ¾ 3: 13/16 4: ⅞ 5: Reserved 6:Reserved 7: Reserved Code Rate, 3 3 Indicates the code rate of spatialchannel streams that are transmitted in the contains channel onlycontain secondary only 2.16 GHz channel(s). The subfield secondary isset as follows: 2.16 GHz 0: ½ channel(s) 1: ⅝ 2: ¾ 3: 13/16 4: ⅞ 5:Reserved 6: Reserved 7: Reserved Modulation 2 6 Indicates the modulationscheme Stream 1 of each spatial stream. Each of Modulation 2 8 thesesubfields is set as follows: Stream 2 0: π/2-BPSK Modulation 2 10 1:π/2-QPSK Stream 3 2: π/2-16-QAM Modulation 2 12 3: π/2-64-QAM/64NUCStream 4 Modulation 2 14 Stream 5 Modulation 2 16 Stream 6 Modulation 218 Stream 7 Modulation 2 20 Stream 8

In some demonstrative embodiments, for example, in a case of a channelaggregation encoding scheme where streams transmitted in differentchannels may have different coding rates and/or in any other encodingscheme, the EDMG-Header-B may be configured, e.g., as follows:

TABLE 16 “Table 31.B-EDMG-Header-B field structure and definition”Number Start Field of bits bit Description Code Rate, 3 29 Indicates thecode rate of spatial channel streams that are transmitted in containsthe channel that contains the primary primary 2.16 GHz channel. The 2.16GHz subfield is set as follows: channel 0: ½ 1: ⅝ 2: ¾ 3: 13/16 4: ⅞ 5:Reserved 6: Reserved 7: Reserved Code Rate, 3 32 Indicates the code rateof spatial channel streams that are transmitted in contains the channelonly contain only secondary 2.16 GHz channel(s). secondary The subfieldis set as follows: 2.16 GHz 0: ½ channel(s) 1: ⅝ 2: ¾ 3: 13/16 4: ⅞ 5:Reserved 6: Reserved 7: Reserved Modulation 2 35 Indicates themodulation scheme Stream 1 of each spatial stream. Each of thesesubfields is set as follows: Modulation 2 37 0: π/2-BPSK Stream 2 1:π/2-QPSK 2: π/2-16-QAM 3: π/2-64-QAM/64NUC

Reference is made to FIG. 9 , which schematically illustrates a methodof communicating a PPDU, in accordance with some demonstrativeembodiments. For example, one or more of the operations of the method ofFIG. 9 may be performed by one or more elements of a system, e.g.,system 100 (FIG. 1 ), for example, one or more wireless devices, e.g.,device 102 (FIG. 1 ), and/or device 140 (FIG. 1 ), a controller, e.g.,controller 124 (FIG. 1 ) and/or controller 154 (FIG. 1 ), a radio, e.g.,radio 114 (FIG. 1 ) and/or radio 144 (FIG. 1 ), and/or a messageprocessor, e.g., message processor 128 (FIG. 1 ) and/or messageprocessor 158 (FIG. 1 ).

As indicated at block 902, the method may include generating an LDPCcoded bit stream for a user based on data bits of a PSDU for the user inan EDMG PPDU, the LDPC coded bit stream for the user including aconcatenation of a plurality of LDPC codewords, a count of the pluralityof LDPC codewords is based at least on a codeword length for the userand on a code rate for the user. For example, controller 124 (FIG. 1 )may be configured to cause, trigger, and/or control device 102 (FIG. 1 )to generate the LDPC coded bit stream for the user based on data bits ofthe PSDU for the user in the EDMG PPDU, e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 904, the method may include generating encoded andpadded bits for the user by concatenating the LDPC coded bit stream witha plurality of coded pad zero bits, a count of the coded pad zero bitsis based at least on a count of one or more spatial streams for the userand on the count of the plurality of LDPC codewords for the user. Forexample, controller 124 (FIG. 1 ) may be configured to cause, trigger,and/or control device 102 (FIG. 1 ) to generate the encoded and paddedbits for the user by concatenating the LDPC coded bit stream with theplurality of coded pad zero bits, e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 906, the method may include distributing theencoded and padded bits for the user to the one or more spatial streamsfor the user. For example, controller 124 (FIG. 1 ) may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control device 102 (FIG. 1 ) to distribute theencoded and padded bits for the user to the one or more spatial streamsfor the user, e.g., as described above.

As indicated at block 908, the method may include transmitting the EDMGPPDU in a transmission over a channel bandwidth in a frequency bandabove 45 GHz, the transmission based on the one or more spatial streamsfor the user. For example, controller 124 (FIG. 1 ) may be configured tocause, trigger, and/or control device 102 (FIG. 1 ) to transmit the EDMGPPDU in the transmission over the channel bandwidth in the frequencyband above 45 GHz, e.g., as described above.

Reference is made to FIG. 10 , which schematically illustrates a productof manufacture 1000, in accordance with some demonstrative embodiments.Product 1000 may include one or more tangible computer-readable(“machine-readable”) non-transitory storage media 1002, which mayinclude computer-executable instructions, e.g., implemented by logic1004, operable to, when executed by at least one computer processor,enable the at least one computer processor to implement one or moreoperations at device 102 (FIG. 1 ), device 140 (FIG. 1 ), radio 114(FIG. 1 ), radio 144 (FIG. 1 ), transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ), transmitter148 (FIG. 1 ), receiver 116 (FIG. 1 ), receiver 146 (FIG. 1 ), messageprocessor 128 (FIG. 1 ), message processor 158 (FIG. 1 ), controller 124(FIG. 1 ), and/or controller 154 (FIG. 1 ), to cause device 102 (FIG. 1), device 140 (FIG. 1 ), radio 114 (FIG. 1 ), radio 144 (FIG. 1 ),transmitter 118 (FIG. 1 ), transmitter 148 (FIG. 1 ), receiver 116 (FIG.1 ), receiver 146 (FIG. 1 ), message processor 128 (FIG. 1 ), messageprocessor 158 (FIG. 1 ), controller 124 (FIG. 1 ), and/or controller 154(FIG. 1 ) to perform, trigger and/or implement one or more operationsand/or functionalities, and/or to perform, trigger and/or implement oneor more operations and/or functionalities described with reference tothe FIGS. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 , and/or 9, and/or one or moreoperations described herein. The phrases “non-transitorymachine-readable medium” and “computer-readable non-transitory storagemedia” may be directed to include all machine and/or computer readablemedia, with the sole exception being a transitory propagating signal.

In some demonstrative embodiments, product 1000 and/or machine readablestorage media 1002 may include one or more types of computer-readablestorage media capable of storing data, including volatile memory,non-volatile memory, removable or non-removable memory, erasable ornon-erasable memory, writeable or re-writeable memory, and the like. Forexample, machine readable storage media 1002 may include, RAM, DRAM,Double-Data-Rate DRAM (DDR-DRAM), SDRAM, static RAM (SRAM), ROM,programmable ROM (PROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electricallyerasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), Compact Disk ROM (CD-ROM), CompactDisk Recordable (CD-R), Compact Disk Rewriteable (CD-RW), flash memory(e.g., NOR or NAND flash memory), content addressable memory (CAM),polymer memory, phase-change memory, ferroelectric memory,silicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) memory, a disk, a floppydisk, a hard drive, an optical disk, a magnetic disk, a card, a magneticcard, an optical card, a tape, a cassette, and the like. Thecomputer-readable storage media may include any suitable media involvedwith downloading or transferring a computer program from a remotecomputer to a requesting computer carried by data signals embodied in acarrier wave or other propagation medium through a communication link,e.g., a modem, radio or network connection.

In some demonstrative embodiments, logic 1004 may include instructions,data, and/or code, which, if executed by a machine, may cause themachine to perform a method, process and/or operations as describedherein. The machine may include, for example, any suitable processingplatform, computing platform, computing device, processing device,computing system, processing system, computer, processor, or the like,and may be implemented using any suitable combination of hardware,software, firmware, and the like.

In some demonstrative embodiments, logic 1004 may include, or may beimplemented as, software, a software module, an application, a program,a subroutine, instructions, an instruction set, computing code, words,values, symbols, and the like. The instructions may include any suitabletype of code, such as source code, compiled code, interpreted code,executable code, static code, dynamic code, and the like. Theinstructions may be implemented according to a predefined computerlanguage, manner or syntax, for instructing a processor to perform acertain function. The instructions may be implemented using any suitablehigh-level, low-level, object-oriented, visual, compiled and/orinterpreted programming language, such as C, C++, Java, BASIC, Matlab,Pascal, Visual BASIC, assembly language, machine code, and the like.

EXAMPLES

The following examples pertain to further embodiments.

Example 1 includes an apparatus comprising logic and circuitryconfigured to cause an Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG)station (STA) to generate a Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) coded bitstream for a user based on data bits of a Physical Layer (PHY) ServiceData Unit (PSDU) for the user in an EDMG PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU),the LDPC coded bit stream for the user comprising a concatenation of aplurality of LDPC codewords, a count of the plurality of LDPC codewordsis based at least on a codeword length for the user and on a code ratefor the user; generate encoded and padded bits for the user byconcatenating the LDPC coded bit stream with a plurality of coded padzero bits, a count of the coded pad zero bits is based at least on acount of one or more spatial streams for the user and on the count ofthe plurality of LDPC codewords for the user; distribute the encoded andpadded bits for the user to the one or more spatial streams for theuser; and transmit the EDMG PPDU in a transmission over a channelbandwidth in a frequency band above 45 Gigahertz (GHz), the transmissionbased on the one or more spatial streams for the user.

Example 2 includes the subject matter of Example 1, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA to generatescrambled data bits by scrambling the data bits of the PSDU for theuser; generate scrambled PSDU bits for the user by scrambling thescrambled data bits concatenated with a plurality of data pad zero bitsfor the user, a count of the plurality of data pad zero bits for theuser is based at least on the count of the plurality of LDPC codewordsfor the user; and generate the LDPC coded bit stream for the user byconverting the scrambled PSDU bits into the plurality of LDPC codewordsaccording to the codeword length for the user and the code rate for theuser.

Example 3 includes the subject matter of Example 2, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA to generatethe encoded and padded bits for the user by scrambling the LDPC codedbit stream concatenated with the plurality of coded pad zero bits.

Example 4 includes the subject matter of Example 3, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA to scramblethe data bits of the PSDU for the user using a scrambler sequence, toscramble the scrambled data bits concatenated with the plurality of datapad zero bits for the user using a first continuation of the scramblesequence, and to scramble the LDPC coded bit stream concatenated withthe plurality of coded pad zero bits using a second continuation of thescrambler sequence.

Example 5 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-4, andoptionally, wherein the count of the coded pad zero bits is based on acount of one or more 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz) channels in the channelbandwidth for transmission of the EDMG PPDU.

Example 6 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-5, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STAto, when the EDMG PPDU comprises a Single Carrier (SC) PPDU, determinethe count of the coded pad zero bits based on a count of SC symbolblocks for the user, the count of SC symbol blocks for the user is basedat least on the count of one or more spatial streams for the user andthe count of the plurality of LDPC codewords for the user.

Example 7 includes the subject matter of Example 6, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA to determinethe count of SC symbol blocks for the user based on a count of symbolsper SC symbol block, and a count of coded bits per symbol per spatialstream for the user.

Example 8 includes the subject matter of Example 6 or 7, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA to interleavea plurality of symbols in a SC symbol block for a spatial stream of theone or more spatial streams based at least on a count of 2.16 Gigahertz(GHz) channels in the channel bandwidth for transmission of the EDMGPPDU, and on a count of the one or more spatial streams.

Example 9 includes the subject matter of Example 8, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA to generate apermuted SC symbol block by permuting the SC symbol block according toan array of permutation indexes, the array of permutation indexes isbased on a first permutation parameter and a second permutationparameter, the first and second permutation parameters are based atleast on the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the channel bandwidth, thesecond permutation parameter is based on the first permutationparameter.

Example 10 includes the subject matter of Example 9, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA to permute theSC symbol block, denoted d_(in) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)), corresponding to aSC symbol block number q in an i_(SS)-th spatial stream, into a permutedSC symbol block, denoted d_(out) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)), as follows:d _(out) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d _(idx(0)) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d _(idx(1))^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(idx(N) _(SPB) _(×N) _(CB) ₋₁₎ ^((i)^(SS) ^(,q)))wherein:d _(in) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d ₀ ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d ₁ ^((i) ^(SS)^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(N) _(SPB) _(×N) _(CB) ₋₁₎ ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)))

wherein N_(SPB)×N_(CB) denotes a count of symbols per SC symbol blockfor the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the channel bandwidth, denotedN_(CB), and idx( ) denotes a permutation index in the array ofpermutation indexes.

Example 11 includes the subject matter of Example 9 or 10, andoptionally, wherein the array of permutation indexes, denoted idx, isdefined as follows:

idx(j × N_(x) + i) = N_(y) × i + j, where  i = 0, 1, …  , N_(x) − 1  and  j = 0, 1, …  , N_(y) − 1$x = {\left( {N_{SPB} \times N_{CB} \times {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SSi}_{user}}}N_{CBPSi_{user}i_{SS}}}} \right)/L_{CWi_{user}}}$

wherein:x≤3×N _(CB) :N _(x)=2×N _(CB)3×N _(CB) <x≤6×N _(CB) :N _(x)=4×N _(CB)6×N _(CB) <x≤12×N _(CB) :N _(x)=8×N _(CB)12×N _(CB) <x≤24×N _(CB) :N _(x)=16×N _(CB)x>24×N _(CB) :N _(x)=32×N _(CB)wherein:N _(Y)=(N _(SPB) ×N _(CB))/N _(x)

-   -   wherein N_(SPB)×N_(CB) denotes a count of symbols per SC symbol        block for the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the channel        bandwidth, denoted N_(CB), N_(SSi) _(user) denotes a count of        spatial streams for an i_(user)-th user, N_(CBPSi) _(user) _(i)        _(SS) denotes a count of coded bits per symbol for the        i_(user)-th user and an i_(SS)-th spatial stream, and L_(CW i)        _(user) denotes an LDPC codeword length for the i_(user)-th        user.

Example 12 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 8-11, andoptionally, wherein the SC symbol block comprises 16 QuadratureAmplitude Modulation (QAM) symbols or 64-QAM symbols.

Example 13 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-5, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STAto, when the EDMG PPDU comprises an Orthogonal Frequency DivisionalMultiplexing (OFDM) PPDU, determine the count of the coded pad zero bitsbased on a count of OFDM symbols for the user, the count of OFDM symbolsfor the user is based at least on the count of one or more spatialstreams for the user and on the count of the plurality of LDPC codewordsfor the user.

Example 14 includes the subject matter of Example 13, and optionally,wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA to determinethe count of OFDM symbols for the user based on a count of datasubcarriers, and on a count of coded bits per constellation point perspatial stream for the user.

Example 15 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-14, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA tomap the one or more spatial streams for the user to one or morespace-time streams.

Example 16 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-15, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA togenerate an EDMG Header field of the EDMG PPDU, the EDMG Header fieldcomprising a base Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) subfield toindicate a base MCS, and one or more differential MCS subfieldscorresponding to the one or more spatial streams.

Example 17 includes the subject matter of Example 16, and optionally,wherein the base MCS comprises a lowest index MCS, and a differentialMCS subfield corresponding to a spatial stream is to indicate an MCS ofthe spatial stream relative to the base MCS.

Example 18 includes the subject matter of Example 16 or 17, andoptionally, wherein the base MCS subfield comprises 5 bits, and adifferential MCS subfield comprises two bits.

Example 19 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 16-18, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA toinclude the base MCS subfield and the one or more differential MCSsubfields in an EDMG

Header A of the EDMG PPDU, when the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG SingleUser (SU) PPDU.

Example 20 includes the subject matter of Example 19, and optionally,wherein the EDMG Header A comprises up to eight differential MCSsubfields corresponding to up to eight respective spatial streams.

Example 21 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 16-18, andoptionally, wherein the apparatus is configured to cause the EDMG STA toinclude the base MCS subfield and the one or more differential MCSsubfields in an EDMG Header B for the user, when the EDMG PPDU comprisesan EDMG Multi User (MU) PPDU.

Example 22 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-21, andoptionally, wherein the codeword length is 672, 1344, 624, or 1248, 504,1008, 468, or 936.

Example 23 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-22, andoptionally, wherein the code rate is 7/8, 1/2, 2/3 or 5/6.

Example 24 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-23, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG Single User (SU)PPDU.

Example 25 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-23, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG Multi User (MU) PPDUcomprising a plurality user PPDUs to a respective plurality of users.

Example 26 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-25, andoptionally, comprising a radio.

Example 27 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 1-26, andoptionally, comprising one or more antennas, a memory and a processor.

Example 28 includes a system of wireless communication comprising anEnhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) wireless communicationstation (STA), the EDMG STA comprising a radio; a memory; a processor;one or more antennas; and a controller configured to cause the EDMG STAto generate a Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) coded bit stream for auser based on data bits of a Physical Layer (PHY) Service Data Unit(PSDU) for the user in an EDMG PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU), the LDPCcoded bit stream for the user comprising a concatenation of a pluralityof LDPC codewords, a count of the plurality of LDPC codewords is basedat least on a codeword length for the user and on a code rate for theuser; generate encoded and padded bits for the user by concatenating theLDPC coded bit stream with a plurality of coded pad zero bits, a countof the coded pad zero bits is based at least on a count of one or morespatial streams for the user and on the count of the plurality of LDPCcodewords for the user; distribute the encoded and padded bits for theuser to the one or more spatial streams for the user; and transmit theEDMG PPDU in a transmission over a channel bandwidth in a frequency bandabove 45 Gigahertz (GHz), the transmission based on the one or morespatial streams for the user.

Example 29 includes the subject matter of Example 28, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STA to generatescrambled data bits by scrambling the data bits of the PSDU for theuser; generate scrambled PSDU bits for the user by scrambling thescrambled data bits concatenated with a plurality of data pad zero bitsfor the user, a count of the plurality of data pad zero bits for theuser is based at least on the count of the plurality of LDPC codewordsfor the user; and generate the LDPC coded bit stream for the user byconverting the scrambled PSDU bits into the plurality of LDPC codewordsaccording to the codeword length for the user and the code rate for theuser.

Example 30 includes the subject matter of Example 29, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STA to generatethe encoded and padded bits for the user by scrambling the LDPC codedbit stream concatenated with the plurality of coded pad zero bits.

Example 31 includes the subject matter of Example 30, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STA to scramblethe data bits of the PSDU for the user using a scrambler sequence, toscramble the scrambled data bits concatenated with the plurality of datapad zero bits for the user using a first continuation of the scramblesequence, and to scramble the LDPC coded bit stream concatenated withthe plurality of coded pad zero bits using a second continuation of thescrambler sequence.

Example 32 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 28-31, andoptionally, wherein the count of the coded pad zero bits is based on acount of one or more 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz) channels in the channelbandwidth for transmission of the EDMG PPDU.

Example 33 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 28-32, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STAto, when the EDMG PPDU comprises a Single Carrier (SC) PPDU, determinethe count of the coded pad zero bits based on a count of SC symbolblocks for the user, the count of SC symbol blocks for the user is basedat least on the count of one or more spatial streams for the user andthe count of the plurality of LDPC codewords for the user.

Example 34 includes the subject matter of Example 33, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STA to determinethe count of SC symbol blocks for the user based on a count of symbolsper SC symbol block, and a count of coded bits per symbol per spatialstream for the user.

Example 35 includes the subject matter of Example 33 or 34, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STAto interleave a plurality of symbols in a SC symbol block for a spatialstream of the one or more spatial streams based at least on a count of2.16 Gigahertz (GHz) channels in the channel bandwidth for transmissionof the EDMG PPDU, and on a count of the one or more spatial streams.

Example 36 includes the subject matter of Example 35, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STA to generate apermuted SC symbol block by permuting the SC symbol block according toan array of permutation indexes, the array of permutation indexes isbased on a first permutation parameter and a second permutationparameter, the first and second permutation parameters are based atleast on the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the channel bandwidth, thesecond permutation parameter is based on the first permutationparameter.

Example 37 includes the subject matter of Example 36, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STA to permutethe SC symbol block, denoted d_(in) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)), corresponding toa SC symbol block number q in an i_(SS)-th spatial stream, into apermuted SC symbol block, denoted d_(out) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)), asfollows:d _(out) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d _(idx(0)) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d _(idx(1))^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(idx(N) _(SPB) _(×N) _(CB) ₋₁₎ ^((i)^(SS) ^(,q)))wherein:d _(in) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d ₀ ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d ₁ ^((i) ^(SS)^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(N) _(SPB) _(×N) _(CB) ₋₁₎ ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)))

wherein N_(SPB)×N_(CB) denotes a count of symbols per SC symbol blockfor the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the channel bandwidth, denotedN_(CB), and idx( ) denotes a permutation index in the array ofpermutation indexes.

Example 38 includes the subject matter of Example 36 or 37, andoptionally, wherein the array of permutation indexes, denoted idx, isdefined as follows:

idx(j × N_(x) + i) = N_(y) × i + j, where  i = 0, 1, …  , N_(x) − 1  and  j = 0, 1, …  , N_(y) − 1$x = {\left( {N_{SPB} \times N_{CB} \times {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SSi}_{user}}}N_{CBPSi_{user}i_{SS}}}} \right)/L_{CWi_{user}}}$

wherein:x≤3×N _(CB) :N _(x)=2×N _(CB)3×N _(CB) <x≤6×N _(CB) :N _(x)=4×N _(CB)6×N _(CB) <x≤12×N _(CB) :N _(x)=8×N _(CB)12×N _(CB) <x≤24×N _(CB) :N _(x)=16×N _(CB)x>24×N _(CB) :N _(x)=32×N _(CB)wherein:N _(y)=(N _(SPB) ×N _(CB))/N _(x)

-   -   wherein N_(SPB)×N_(CB) denotes a count of symbols per SC symbol        block for the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the channel        bandwidth, denoted N_(CB), N_(SSi) _(user) denotes a count of        spatial streams for an i_(user)-th user, N_(CBPSi) _(user) _(i)        _(SS) denotes a count of coded bits per symbol for the        i_(user)-th user and an i_(SS)-th spatial stream, and L_(CW i)        _(user) denotes an LDPC codeword length for the i_(user)-th        user.

Example 39 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 35-38, andoptionally, wherein the SC symbol block comprises 16 QuadratureAmplitude Modulation (QAM) symbols or 64-QAM symbols.

Example 40 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 28-32, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STAto, when the EDMG PPDU comprises an Orthogonal Frequency DivisionalMultiplexing (OFDM) PPDU, determine the count of the coded pad zero bitsbased on a count of OFDM symbols for the user, the count of OFDM symbolsfor the user is based at least on the count of one or more spatialstreams for the user and on the count of the plurality of LDPC codewordsfor the user.

Example 41 includes the subject matter of Example 40, and optionally,wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STA to determinethe count of OFDM symbols for the user based on a count of datasubcarriers, and on a count of coded bits per constellation point perspatial stream for the user.

Example 42 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 28-41, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STAto map the one or more spatial streams for the user to one or morespace-time streams.

Example 43 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 28-42, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STAto generate an EDMG Header field of the EDMG PPDU, the EDMG Header fieldcomprising a base Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) subfield toindicate a base MCS, and one or more differential MCS subfieldscorresponding to the one or more spatial streams.

Example 44 includes the subject matter of Example 43, and optionally,wherein the base MCS comprises a lowest index MCS, and a differentialMCS subfield corresponding to a spatial stream is to indicate an MCS ofthe spatial stream relative to the base MCS.

Example 45 includes the subject matter of Example 43 or 44, andoptionally, wherein the base MCS subfield comprises 5 bits, and adifferential MCS subfield comprises two bits.

Example 46 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 43-45, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STAto include the base MCS subfield and the one or more differential MCSsubfields in an EDMG Header A of the EDMG PPDU, when the EDMG PPDUcomprises an EDMG Single User (SU) PPDU.

Example 47 includes the subject matter of Example 46, and optionally,wherein the EDMG Header A comprises up to eight differential MCSsubfields corresponding to up to eight respective spatial streams.

Example 48 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 43-45, andoptionally, wherein the controller is configured to cause the EDMG STAto include the base MCS subfield and the one or more differential MCSsubfields in an EDMG Header B for the user, when the EDMG PPDU comprisesan EDMG Multi User (MU) PPDU.

Example 49 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 28-48, andoptionally, wherein the codeword length is 672, 1344, 624, or 1248, 504,1008, 468, or 936.

Example 50 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 28-49, andoptionally, wherein the code rate is 7/8, 1/2, 2/3 or 5/6.

Example 51 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 28-50, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG Single User (SU)PPDU.

Example 52 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 28-50, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG Multi User (MU) PPDUcomprising a plurality user PPDUs to a respective plurality of users.

Example 53 includes a method to be performed at an Enhanced DirectionalMulti-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) wireless communication station (STA), themethod comprising generating a Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) coded bitstream for a user based on data bits of a Physical Layer (PHY) ServiceData Unit (PSDU) for the user in an EDMG PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU),the LDPC coded bit stream for the user comprising a concatenation of aplurality of LDPC codewords, a count of the plurality of LDPC codewordsis based at least on a codeword length for the user and on a code ratefor the user; generating encoded and padded bits for the user byconcatenating the LDPC coded bit stream with a plurality of coded padzero bits, a count of the coded pad zero bits is based at least on acount of one or more spatial streams for the user and on the count ofthe plurality of LDPC codewords for the user; distributing the encodedand padded bits for the user to the one or more spatial streams for theuser; and transmitting the EDMG PPDU in a transmission over a channelbandwidth in a frequency band above 45 Gigahertz (GHz), the transmissionbased on the one or more spatial streams for the user.

Example 54 includes the subject matter of Example 53, and optionally,comprising generating scrambled data bits by scrambling the data bits ofthe PSDU for the user; generating scrambled PSDU bits for the user byscrambling the scrambled data bits concatenated with a plurality of datapad zero bits for the user, a count of the plurality of data pad zerobits for the user is based at least on the count of the plurality ofLDPC codewords for the user; and generating the LDPC coded bit streamfor the user by converting the scrambled PSDU bits into the plurality ofLDPC codewords according to the codeword length for the user and thecode rate for the user.

Example 55 includes the subject matter of Example 54, and optionally,comprising generating the encoded and padded bits for the user byscrambling the LDPC coded bit stream concatenated with the plurality ofcoded pad zero bits.

Example 56 includes the subject matter of Example 55, and optionally,comprising scrambling the data bits of the PSDU for the user using ascrambler sequence, scrambling the scrambled data bits concatenated witha plurality of data pad zero bits for the user using a firstcontinuation of the scramble sequence, and scrambling the LDPC coded bitstream concatenated with the plurality of coded pad zero bits using asecond continuation of the scrambler sequence.

Example 57 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 53-56, andoptionally, wherein the count of the coded pad zero bits is based on acount of one or more 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz) channels in the channelbandwidth for transmission of the EDMG PPDU.

Example 58 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 53-57, andoptionally, comprising, when the EDMG PPDU comprises a Single Carrier(SC) PPDU, determining the count of the coded pad zero bits based on acount of SC symbol blocks for the user, the count of SC symbol blocksfor the user is based at least on the count of one or more spatialstreams for the user and the count of the plurality of LDPC codewordsfor the user.

Example 59 includes the subject matter of Example 58, and optionally,comprising determining the count of SC symbol blocks for the user basedon a count of symbols per SC symbol block, and a count of coded bits persymbol per spatial stream for the user.

Example 60 includes the subject matter of Example 58 or 59, andoptionally, comprising interleaving a plurality of symbols in a SCsymbol block for a spatial stream of the one or more spatial streamsbased at least on a count of 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz) channels in thechannel bandwidth for transmission of the EDMG PPDU, and on a count ofthe one or more spatial streams.

Example 61 includes the subject matter of Example 60, and optionally,comprising generating a permuted SC symbol block by permuting the SCsymbol block according to an array of permutation indexes, the array ofpermutation indexes is based on a first permutation parameter and asecond permutation parameter, the first and second permutationparameters are based at least on the count of 2.16 GHz channels in thechannel bandwidth, the second permutation parameter is based on thefirst permutation parameter.

Example 62 includes the subject matter of Example 61, and optionally,comprising permuting the SC symbol block, denoted d_(in) ^((i) ^(SS)^(,q)), corresponding to a SC symbol block number q in an i_(SS)-thspatial stream, into a permuted SC symbol block, denoted d_(out) ^((i)^(SS) ^(,q)), as follows:d _(out) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d _(idx(0)) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d _(idx(1))^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(idx(N) _(SPB) _(×N) _(CB) ₋₁₎ ^((i)^(SS) ^(,q)))wherein:d _(in) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d ₀ ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d ₁ ^((i) ^(SS)^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(N) _(SPB) _(×N) _(CB) ₋₁₎ ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)))

wherein N_(SPB)×N_(CB) denotes a count of symbols per SC symbol blockfor the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the channel bandwidth, denotedN_(CB), and idx( ) denotes a permutation index in the array ofpermutation indexes.

Example 63 includes the subject matter of Example 61 or 62, andoptionally, wherein the array of permutation indexes, denoted idx, isdefined as follows:

idx(j × N_(x) + i) = N_(y) × i + j, where  i = 0, 1, …  , N_(x) − 1  and  j = 0, 1, …  , N_(y) − 1$x = {\left( {N_{SPB} \times N_{CB} \times {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SSi}_{user}}}N_{CBPSi_{user}i_{SS}}}} \right)/L_{CWi_{user}}}$

wherein:x≤3×N _(CB) :N _(x)=2×N _(CB)3×N _(CB) <x≤6×N _(CB) :N _(x)=4×N _(CB)6×N _(CB) <x≤12×N _(CB) :N _(x)=8×N _(CB)12×N _(CB) <x≤24×N _(CB) :N _(x)=16×N _(CB)x>24×N _(CB) :N _(x)=32×N _(CB)wherein:N _(y)=(N _(SPB) ×N _(CB))/N _(x)

-   -   wherein N_(SPB)×N_(CB) denotes a count of symbols per SC symbol        block for the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the channel        bandwidth, denoted N_(CB), N_(SSi) _(user) denotes a count of        spatial streams for an i_(user)-th user, N_(CBPSi) _(user) _(i)        _(SS) denotes a count of coded bits per symbol for the        i_(user)-th user and an i_(SS)-th spatial stream, and L_(CW i)        _(user) denotes an LDPC codeword length for the i_(user)-th        user.

Example 64 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 60-63, andoptionally, wherein the SC symbol block comprises 16 QuadratureAmplitude Modulation (QAM) symbols or 64-QAM symbols.

Example 65 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 53-57, andoptionally, comprising, when the EDMG PPDU comprises an OrthogonalFrequency Divisional Multiplexing (OFDM) PPDU, determining the count ofthe coded pad zero bits based on a count of OFDM symbols for the user,the count of OFDM symbols for the user is based at least on the count ofone or more spatial streams for the user and on the count of theplurality of LDPC codewords for the user.

Example 66 includes the subject matter of Example 65, and optionally,comprising determining the count of OFDM symbols for the user based on acount of data subcarriers, and on a count of coded bits perconstellation point per spatial stream for the user.

Example 67 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 53-66, andoptionally, comprising mapping the one or more spatial streams for theuser to one or more space-time streams.

Example 68 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 53-67, andoptionally, comprising generating an EDMG Header field of the EDMG PPDU,the EDMG Header field comprising a base Modulation and Coding Scheme(MCS) subfield to indicate a base MCS, and one or more differential MCSsubfields corresponding to the one or more spatial streams.

Example 69 includes the subject matter of Example 68, and optionally,wherein the base MCS comprises a lowest index MCS, and a differentialMCS subfield corresponding to a spatial stream is to indicate an MCS ofthe spatial stream relative to the base MCS.

Example 70 includes the subject matter of Example 68 or 69, andoptionally, wherein the base MCS subfield comprises 5 bits, and adifferential MCS subfield comprises two bits.

Example 71 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 68-70, andoptionally, comprising causing the EDMG STA to include the base MCSsubfield and the one or more differential MCS subfields in an EDMGHeader A of the EDMG PPDU, when the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG SingleUser (SU) PPDU.

Example 72 includes the subject matter of Example 71, and optionally,wherein the EDMG Header A comprises up to eight differential MCSsubfields corresponding to up to eight respective spatial streams.

Example 73 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 68-70, andoptionally, comprising causing the EDMG STA to include the base MCSsubfield and the one or more differential MCS subfields in an EDMGHeader B for the user, when the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG Multi User(MU) PPDU.

Example 74 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 53-73, andoptionally, wherein the codeword length is 672, 1344, 624, or 1248, 504,1008, 468, or 936.

Example 75 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 53-74, andoptionally, wherein the code rate is 7/8, 1/2, 2/3 or 5/6.

Example 76 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 53-75, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG Single User (SU)PPDU.

Example 77 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 53-75, andoptionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG Multi User (MU) PPDUcomprising a plurality user PPDUs to a respective plurality of users.

Example 78 includes a product comprising one or more tangiblecomputer-readable non-transitory storage media comprisingcomputer-executable instructions operable to, when executed by at leastone processor, enable the at least one processor to cause an EnhancedDirectional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) wireless communication station(STA) to generate a Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) coded bit stream fora user based on data bits of a Physical Layer (PHY) Service Data Unit(PSDU) for the user in an EDMG PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU), the LDPCcoded bit stream for the user comprising a concatenation of a pluralityof LDPC codewords, a count of the plurality of LDPC codewords is basedat least on a codeword length for the user and on a code rate for theuser; generate encoded and padded bits for the user by concatenating theLDPC coded bit stream with a plurality of coded pad zero bits, a countof the coded pad zero bits is based at least on a count of one or morespatial streams for the user and on the count of the plurality of LDPCcodewords for the user;

distribute the encoded and padded bits for the user to the one or morespatial streams for the user; and transmit the EDMG PPDU in atransmission over a channel bandwidth in a frequency band above 45Gigahertz (GHz), the transmission based on the one or more spatialstreams for the user.

Example 79 includes the subject matter of Example 78, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA to generatescrambled data bits by scrambling the data bits of the PSDU for theuser; generate scrambled PSDU bits for the user by scrambling thescrambled data bits concatenated with a plurality of data pad zero bitsfor the user, a count of the plurality of data pad zero bits for theuser is based at least on the count of the plurality of LDPC codewordsfor the user; and generate the LDPC coded bit stream for the user byconverting the scrambled PSDU bits into the plurality of LDPC codewordsaccording to the codeword length for the user and the code rate for theuser.

Example 80 includes the subject matter of Example 79, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA to generatethe encoded and padded bits for the user by scrambling the LDPC codedbit stream concatenated with the plurality of coded pad zero bits.

Example 81 includes the subject matter of Example 80, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA to scramblethe data bits of the PSDU for the user using a scrambler sequence, toscramble the scrambled data bits concatenated with the plurality of datapad zero bits for the user using a first continuation of the scramblesequence, and to scramble the LDPC coded bit stream concatenated withthe plurality of coded pad zero bits using a second continuation of thescrambler sequence.

Example 82 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 78-81, andoptionally, wherein the count of the coded pad zero bits is based on acount of one or more 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz) channels in the channelbandwidth for transmission of the EDMG PPDU.

Example 83 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 78-82, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STAto, when the EDMG PPDU comprises a Single Carrier (SC) PPDU, determinethe count of the coded pad zero bits based on a count of SC symbolblocks for the user, the count of SC symbol blocks for the user is basedat least on the count of one or more spatial streams for the user andthe count of the plurality of LDPC codewords for the user.

Example 84 includes the subject matter of Example 83, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA to determinethe count of SC symbol blocks for the user based on a count of symbolsper SC symbol block, and a count of coded bits per symbol per spatialstream for the user.

Example 85 includes the subject matter of Example 83 or 84, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STAto interleave a plurality of symbols in a SC symbol block for a spatialstream of the one or more spatial streams based at least on a count of2.16 Gigahertz (GHz) channels in the channel bandwidth for transmissionof the EDMG PPDU, and on a count of the one or more spatial streams.

Example 86 includes the subject matter of Example 85, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA to generatea permuted SC symbol block by permuting the SC symbol block according toan array of permutation indexes, the array of permutation indexes isbased on a first permutation parameter and a second permutationparameter, the first and second permutation parameters are based atleast on the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the channel bandwidth, thesecond permutation parameter is based on the first permutationparameter.

Example 87 includes the subject matter of Example 86, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA to permutethe SC symbol block, denoted d_(in) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)), corresponding toa SC symbol block number q in an i_(SS)-th spatial stream, into apermuted SC symbol block, denoted d_(out) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)), asfollows:d _(out) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d _(idx(0)) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d _(idx(1))^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(idx(N) _(SPB) _(×N) _(CB) ₋₁₎ ^((i)^(SS) ^(,q)))wherein:d _(in) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d ₀ ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d ₁ ^((i) ^(SS)^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(N) _(SPB) _(×N) _(CB) ₋₁₎ ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)))

-   -   wherein N_(SPB)×N_(CB) denotes a count of symbols per SC symbol        block for the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the channel        bandwidth, denoted N_(CB), and idx( ) denotes a permutation        index in the array of permutation indexes.

Example 88 includes the subject matter of Example 86 or 87, andoptionally, wherein the array of permutation indexes, denoted idx, isdefined as follows:

idx(j × N_(x) + i) = N_(y) × i + j, where  i = 0, 1, …  , N_(x) − 1  and  j = 0, 1, …  , N_(y) − 1$x = {\left( {N_{SPB} \times N_{CB} \times {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SSi}_{user}}}N_{CBPSi_{user}i_{SS}}}} \right)/L_{CWi_{user}}}$

wherein:x≤3×N _(CB) :N _(x)=2×N _(CB)3×N _(CB) <x≤6×N _(CB) :N _(x)=4×N _(CB)6×N _(CB) <x≤12×N _(CB) :N _(x)=8×N _(CB)12×N _(CB) <x≤24×N _(CB) :N _(x)=16×N _(CB)x>24×N _(CB) :N _(x)=32×N _(CB)wherein:N _(y)=(N _(SPB) ×N _(CB))/N _(x)

-   -   wherein N_(SPB)×N_(CB) denotes a count of symbols per SC symbol        block for the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the channel        bandwidth, denoted N_(CB), N_(SSi) _(user) denotes a count of        spatial streams for an i_(user)-th user, N_(CBPSi) _(user) _(i)        _(SS) denotes a count of coded bits per symbol for the        i_(user)-th user and an i_(SS)-th spatial stream, and L_(CW i)        _(user) denotes an LDPC codeword length for the i_(user)-th        user.

Example 89 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 85-88, andoptionally, wherein the SC symbol block comprises 16 QuadratureAmplitude Modulation (QAM) symbols or 64-QAM symbols.

Example 90 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 78-82, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STAto, when the EDMG PPDU comprises an Orthogonal Frequency DivisionalMultiplexing (OFDM) PPDU, determine the count of the coded pad zero bitsbased on a count of OFDM symbols for the user, the count of OFDM symbolsfor the user is based at least on the count of one or more spatialstreams for the user and on the count of the plurality of LDPC codewordsfor the user.

Example 91 includes the subject matter of Example 90, and optionally,wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA to determinethe count of OFDM symbols for the user based on a count of datasubcarriers, and on a count of coded bits per constellation point perspatial stream for the user.

Example 92 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 78-91, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STAto map the one or more spatial streams for the user to one or morespace-time streams.

Example 93 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 78-92, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STAto generate an EDMG Header field of the EDMG PPDU, the EDMG Header fieldcomprising a base Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) subfield toindicate a base MCS, and one or more differential MCS subfieldscorresponding to the one or more spatial streams.

Example 94 includes the subject matter of Example 93, and optionally,wherein the base MCS comprises a lowest index MCS, and a differentialMCS subfield corresponding to a spatial stream is to indicate an MCS ofthe spatial stream relative to the base MCS.

Example 95 includes the subject matter of Example 93 or 94, andoptionally, wherein the base MCS subfield comprises 5 bits, and adifferential MCS subfield comprises two bits.

Example 96 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 93-95, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STAto include the base MCS subfield and the one or more differential MCSsubfields in an EDMG Header A of the EDMG PPDU, when the EDMG PPDUcomprises an EDMG Single User (SU) PPDU.

Example 97 includes the subject matter of Example 96, and optionally,wherein the EDMG Header A comprises up to eight differential MCSsubfields corresponding to up to eight respective spatial streams.

Example 98 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 93-95, andoptionally, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STAto include the base MCS subfield and the one or more differential MCSsubfields in an EDMG Header B for the user, when the EDMG PPDU comprisesan EDMG Multi User (MU) PPDU.

Example 99 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 78-98, andoptionally, wherein the codeword length is 672, 1344, 624, or 1248, 504,1008, 468, or 936.

Example 100 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 78-99,and optionally, wherein the code rate is 7/8, 1/2, 2/3 or 5/6.

Example 101 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 78-100,and optionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG Single User (SU)PPDU.

Example 102 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 78-100,and optionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG Multi User (MU)PPDU comprising a plurality user PPDUs to a respective plurality ofusers.

Example 103 includes an apparatus of wireless communication by anEnhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) wireless communicationstation (STA), the apparatus comprising means for generating aLow-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) coded bit stream for a user based ondata bits of a Physical Layer (PHY) Service Data Unit (PSDU) for theuser in an EDMG PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU), the LDPC coded bit streamfor the user comprising a concatenation of a plurality of LDPCcodewords, a count of the plurality of LDPC codewords is based at leaston a codeword length for the user and on a code rate for the user; meansfor generating encoded and padded bits for the user by concatenating theLDPC coded bit stream with a plurality of coded pad zero bits, a countof the coded pad zero bits is based at least on a count of one or morespatial streams for the user and on the count of the plurality of LDPCcodewords for the user; means for distributing the encoded and paddedbits for the user to the one or more spatial streams for the user; andmeans for transmitting the EDMG PPDU in a transmission over a channelbandwidth in a frequency band above 45 Gigahertz (GHz), the transmissionbased on the one or more spatial streams for the user.

Example 104 includes the subject matter of Example 103, and optionally,comprising means for generating scrambled data bits by scrambling thedata bits of the PSDU for the user; means for generating scrambled PSDUbits for the user by scrambling the scrambled data bits concatenatedwith a plurality of data pad zero bits for the user, a count of theplurality of data pad zero bits for the user is based at least on thecount of the plurality of LDPC codewords for the user; and means forgenerating the LDPC coded bit stream for the user by converting thescrambled PSDU bits into the plurality of LDPC codewords according tothe codeword length for the user and the code rate for the user.

Example 105 includes the subject matter of Example 104, and optionally,comprising means for generating the encoded and padded bits for the userby scrambling the LDPC coded bit stream concatenated with the pluralityof coded pad zero bits.

Example 106 includes the subject matter of Example 105, and optionally,comprising means for scrambling the data bits of the PSDU for the userusing a scrambler sequence, scrambling the scrambled data bitsconcatenated with the plurality of data pad zero bits for the user usinga first continuation of the scramble sequence, and scrambling the LDPCcoded bit stream concatenated with the plurality of coded pad zero bitsusing a second continuation of the scrambler sequence.

Example 107 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 103-106,and optionally, wherein the count of the coded pad zero bits is based ona count of one or more 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz) channels in the channelbandwidth for transmission of the EDMG PPDU.

Example 108 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 103-107,and optionally, comprising means for, when the EDMG PPDU comprises aSingle Carrier (SC) PPDU, determining the count of the coded pad zerobits based on a count of SC symbol blocks for the user, the count of SCsymbol blocks for the user is based at least on the count of one or morespatial streams for the user and the count of the plurality of LDPCcodewords for the user.

Example 109 includes the subject matter of Example 108, and optionally,comprising means for determining the count of SC symbol blocks for theuser based on a count of symbols per SC symbol block, and a count ofcoded bits per symbol per spatial stream for the user.

Example 110 includes the subject matter of Example 108 or 109, andoptionally, comprising means for interleaving a plurality of symbols ina SC symbol block for a spatial stream of the one or more spatialstreams based at least on a count of 2.16 Gigahertz (GHz) channels inthe channel bandwidth for transmission of the EDMG PPDU, and on a countof the one or more spatial streams.

Example 111 includes the subject matter of Example 110, and optionally,comprising means for generating a permuted SC symbol block by permutingthe SC symbol block according to an array of permutation indexes, thearray of permutation indexes is based on a first permutation parameterand a second permutation parameter, the first and second permutationparameters are based at least on the count of 2.16 GHz channels in thechannel bandwidth, the second permutation parameter is based on thefirst permutation parameter.

Example 112 includes the subject matter of Example 111, and optionally,comprising means for permuting the SC symbol block, denoted d_(in) ^((i)^(SS) ^(,q)), corresponding to a SC symbol block number q in ani_(SS)-th spatial stream, into a permuted SC symbol block, denotedd_(in) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)), as follows:d _(out) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d _(idx(0)) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d _(idx(1))^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(idx(N) _(SPB) _(×N) _(CB) ₋₁₎ ^((i)^(SS) ^(,q)))wherein:d _(in) ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q))=(d ₀ ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)) ,d ₁ ^((i) ^(SS)^(,q)) , . . . ,d _(N) _(SPB) _(×N) _(CB) ₋₁₎ ^((i) ^(SS) ^(,q)))

-   -   wherein N_(SPB)×N_(CB) denotes a count of symbols per SC symbol        block for the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the channel        bandwidth, denoted N_(CB), and idx( ) denotes a permutation        index in the array of permutation indexes.

Example 113 includes the subject matter of Example 111 or 112, andoptionally, wherein the array of permutation indexes, denoted idx, isdefined as follows:

idx(j × N_(x) + i) = N_(y) × i + j, where  i = 0, 1, …  , N_(x) − 1  and  j = 0, 1, …  , N_(y) − 1$x = {\left( {N_{SPB} \times N_{CB} \times {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SSi}_{user}}}N_{CBPSi_{user}i_{SS}}}} \right)/L_{CWi_{user}}}$

wherein:x≤3×N _(CB) :N _(x)=2×N _(CB)3×N _(CB) <x≤6×N _(CB) :N _(x)=4×N _(CB)6×N _(CB) <x≤12×N _(CB) :N _(x)=8×N _(CB)12×N _(CB) <x≤24×N _(CB) :N _(x)=16×N _(CB)x>24×N _(CB) :N _(x)=32×N _(CB)wherein:N _(y)=(N _(SPB) ×N _(CB))/N _(x)

-   -   wherein N_(SPB)×N_(CB) denotes a count of symbols per SC symbol        block for the count of 2.16 GHz channels in the channel        bandwidth, denoted N_(CB), N_(SSi) _(user) denotes a count of        spatial streams for an i_(user)-th user, N_(CBPSi) _(user) _(i)        _(SS) denotes a count of coded bits per symbol for the        i_(user)-th user and an i_(SS)-th spatial stream, and L_(CW i)        _(user) denotes an LDPC codeword length for the i_(user)-th        user.

Example 114 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 110-113,and optionally, wherein the SC symbol block comprises 16 QuadratureAmplitude Modulation (QAM) symbols or 64-QAM symbols.

Example 115 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 103-107,and optionally, comprising means for, when the EDMG PPDU comprises anOrthogonal Frequency Divisional Multiplexing (OFDM) PPDU, determiningthe count of the coded pad zero bits based on a count of OFDM symbolsfor the user, the count of OFDM symbols for the user is based at leaston the count of one or more spatial streams for the user and on thecount of the plurality of LDPC codewords for the user.

Example 116 includes the subject matter of Example 115, and optionally,comprising means for determining the count of OFDM symbols for the userbased on a count of data subcarriers, and on a count of coded bits perconstellation point per spatial stream for the user.

Example 117 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 103-116,and optionally, comprising means for mapping the one or more spatialstreams for the user to one or more space-time streams.

Example 118 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 103-117,and optionally, comprising means for generating an EDMG Header field ofthe EDMG PPDU, the EDMG Header field comprising a base Modulation andCoding Scheme (MCS) subfield to indicate a base MCS, and one or moredifferential MCS subfields corresponding to the one or more spatialstreams.

Example 119 includes the subject matter of Example 118, and optionally,wherein the base MCS comprises a lowest index MCS, and a differentialMCS subfield corresponding to a spatial stream is to indicate an MCS ofthe spatial stream relative to the base MCS.

Example 120 includes the subject matter of Example 118 or 119, andoptionally, wherein the base MCS subfield comprises 5 bits, and adifferential MCS subfield comprises two bits.

Example 121 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 118-120,and optionally, comprising means for causing the EDMG STA to include thebase MCS subfield and the one or more differential MCS subfields in anEDMG Header A of the EDMG PPDU, when the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMGSingle User (SU) PPDU.

Example 122 includes the subject matter of Example 121, and optionally,wherein the EDMG Header A comprises up to eight differential MCSsubfields corresponding to up to eight respective spatial streams.

Example 123 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 118-120,and optionally, comprising means for causing the EDMG STA to include thebase MCS subfield and the one or more differential MCS subfields in anEDMG Header B for the user, when the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG MultiUser (MU) PPDU.

Example 124 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 103-123,and optionally, wherein the codeword length is 672, 1344, 624, or 1248,504, 1008, 468, or 936.

Example 125 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 103-124,and optionally, wherein the code rate is 7/8, 1/2, 2/3 or 5/6.

Example 126 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 103-125,and optionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG Single User (SU)PPDU.

Example 127 includes the subject matter of any one of Examples 103-125,and optionally, wherein the EDMG PPDU comprises an EDMG Multi User (MU)PPDU comprising a plurality user PPDUs to a respective plurality ofusers.

Functions, operations, components and/or features described herein withreference to one or more embodiments, may be combined with, or may beutilized in combination with, one or more other functions, operations,components and/or features described herein with reference to one ormore other embodiments, or vice versa.

While certain features have been illustrated and described herein, manymodifications, substitutions, changes, and equivalents may occur tothose skilled in the art. It is, therefore, to be understood that theappended claims are intended to cover all such modifications and changesas fall within the true spirit of the disclosure.

What is claimed is:
 1. An apparatus comprising: a processor comprisinglogic and circuitry configured to cause an Enhanced DirectionalMulti-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) wireless communication station (STA) to:determine a count of data pad bits for a user based on a count ofLow-Density Parity-Check (LDPC) codewords for the user, an LDPC codewordlength for the user, an LDPC code rate for the user, and a length of aPhysical Layer (PHY) Service Data Unit (PSDU) for the user; determinescrambled PSDU bits for the user based on a concatenation of a scrambledPSDU for the user concatenated with a first plurality of zero bits, acount of zero bits in the first plurality of zero bits is equal to thecount of data pad bits for the user; convert the scrambled PSDU bits forthe user into a plurality of LDPC codewords for the user; generate acoded bitstream for the user based on the plurality of LDPC codewordsfor the user; determine a count of coded pad bits for the user based ona count of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols forthe user, the count of LDPC codewords for the user, and the LDPCcodeword length for the user; generate encoded padded bits for the userbased on a concatenation of bits of the coded bitstream for the userconcatenated with a second plurality of zero bits, a count of zero bitsin the second plurality of zero bits is equal to the count of coded padbits for the user; distribute the encoded padded bits for the user toone or more spatial streams for the user based on a count of coded bitsper constellation point per spatial stream for the user; and transmit anEDMG OFDM PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) based on the one or more spatialstreams for the user; and a memory to store information processed by theprocessor.
 2. The apparatus of claim 1 configured to distribute theencoded padded bits for the user to the one or more spatial streams forthe user on a group basis according to the count of coded bits perconstellation point per spatial stream for the user.
 3. The apparatus ofclaim 1 configured to distribute a plurality of groups of the encodedpadded bits for the user to a plurality of spatial streams for the userby distributing a first group of encoded padded bits to a first spatialsteam and distributing a second group of encoded padded bits to a secondspatial steam; and repeating the distributing of the plurality of groupsof the encoded padded bits for the user to the plurality of spatialstreams for the user until all the encoded padded bits for the user aredistributed over the plurality of spatial streams for the user.
 4. Theapparatus of claim 1 configured to determine the count of coded pad bitsfor an i_(user)-th user, denoted N_(SYM_PADi_(user)), as follows:$N_{{SYM\_ PADi}_{user}} = {{N_{{SYMSi}_{user}} \cdot N_{SD} \cdot {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SSi}_{user}}}N_{{BPSCi}_{user}i_{SS}}}} - {N_{{CWi}_{user}} \cdot L_{{CW}\; i_{user}}}}$wherein N_(SYMSi) _(user) denotes the count of OFDM symbols for thei_(user)-th user, N_(SD) denotes a count of data subcarriers, N_(SSi)_(user) denotes a count of spatial streams for the i_(user)-th user,N_(CBPSi) _(user) _(i) _(SS) denotes a count of coded bits perconstellation point for the i_(user)-th user and an i_(SS)-th spatialstream, N_(CW i) _(user) denotes the count of LDPC codewords for thei_(user)-th user, and L_(CW i) _(user) denotes the LDPC codeword lengthfor the i_(user)-th user.
 5. The apparatus of claim 1 configured todetermine the count of OFDM symbols for an i_(user)-th user N_(SYMSi)_(user) , denoted as follows:$N_{{SYMSi}_{user}} = \left\lceil \frac{N_{{CW}\; i_{user}} \cdot L_{{CW}\; i_{user}}}{N_{SD} \cdot {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SS}\; i_{user}}}N_{{BPSC}\; i_{user}i_{SS}}}} \right\rceil$wherein N_(CW i) _(user) denotes the count of LDPC codewords for thei_(user)-th user, L_(CW i) _(user) denotes the LDPC codeword length forthe i_(user)-th user, N_(SD) denotes a count of data subcarriers,N_(SSi) _(user) denotes a count of spatial streams for the i_(user)-thuser, and N_(BPSC) _(user) _(i) _(SS) denotes a count ofcoded bits perconstellation point for the i_(user)-th user and an i_(SS)-th spatialstream.
 6. The apparatus of claim 1 configured to cause the EDMG STA toset the count of OFDM symbols for the user to be equal to a sum of adetermined count of OFDM symbols for the user and a value of one, whenthe determined count of OFDM symbols for the user is odd and Space TimeBlock Coding (STBC) is to be applied for the EDMG OFDM PPDU.
 7. Theapparatus of claim 1 configured to cause the EDMG STA to determine thecount of data pad bits for an i_(user)-th user, denotedN_(DATA_PADi_(user)), as follows:N_(DATA_PADi_(user)) = N_(CW i_(user)) ⋅ L_(CW i_(user)) ⋅ R_(i_(user)) − Length_(i_(user)) ⋅ 8wherein N_(CW i) _(user) denotes the count of LDPC codewords for thei_(user)-th user, L_(CW i) _(user) denotes the LDPC codeword length forthe i_(user)-th user, R_(i) _(user) denotes the LDPC code Length ratefor the i_(user)-th user, and Length_(i) _(user) denotes the length ofthe PSDU for the i_(user)-th user.
 8. The apparatus of claim 1configured to cause the EDMG STA to determine the count of LDPCcodewords for the user based on the length of the PSDU for the user, theLDPC codeword length for the user, and the LDPC code rate for the user.9. The apparatus of claim 1 configured to cause the EDMG STA todetermine the count of LDPC codewords for an i_(user)-th user N_(CW i)_(user) _(i) _(SS) , denoted as follows:$N_{{CW}\; i_{user}} = \left\lceil \frac{{Length}_{i_{user}} \cdot 8}{L_{{CW}\; i_{user}} \cdot R_{i_{user}}} \right\rceil$wherein Length_(i) _(user) denotes the length of the PSDU for thei_(user)-th user, L_(CW i) _(user) denotes the LDPC codeword length forthe i_(user)-th user, and R_(i) _(user) denotes the LDPC code rate forthe i_(user)-th user.
 10. The apparatus of claim 1 configured to causethe EDMG STA to transmit the EDMG OFDM PPDU comprising an EDMG OFDMMulti User (MU) PPDU comprising a plurality of user PPDUs for arespective plurality of users, and to align all of the plurality of userPPDUs in time.
 11. The apparatus of claim 10 configured to cause theEDMG STA to determine a maximum number of OFDM symbols over all users,and to set the count of OFDM symbols for the user based on the maximumnumber of OFDM symbols over all users.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11configured to cause the EDMG STA to determine a count of pad OFDMsymbols for the user by subtracting the count of OFDM symbols for theuser from the maximum number of OFDM symbols.
 13. The apparatus of claim1 configured to cause the EDMG STA to convert the scrambled PSDU bitsfor the user into the plurality of LDPC codewords for the user based onthe LDPC codeword length for the user, and the LDPC code rate for theuser.
 14. The apparatus of claim 1 configured to cause the EDMG STA totransmit the EDMG OFDM PPDU over a channel bandwidth of at least 2.16Gigahertz (GHz) in a frequency band above 45 GHz.
 15. The apparatus ofclaim 14 configured to cause the EDMG STA to transmit the EDMG OFDM PPDUover a channel bandwidth of 4.32 GHz, 6.48 GHz, or 8.64 GHz.
 16. Theapparatus of claim 1 comprising a radio, the processor configured tocause the radio to transmit the EDMG OFDM PPDU.
 17. The apparatus ofclaim 16 comprising one or more antennas connected to the radio, andanother processor to execute instructions of an operating system.
 18. Aproduct comprising one or more tangible computer-readable non-transitorystorage media comprising computer-executable instructions operable to,when executed by at least one processor, enable the at least oneprocessor to cause an Enhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG)wireless communication station (STA) to: determine a count of data padbits for a user based on a count of Low-Density Parity-Check (LDPC)codewords for the user, an LDPC codeword length for the user, an LDPCcode rate for the user, and a length of a Physical Layer (PHY) ServiceData Unit (PSDU) for the user; determine scrambled PSDU bits for theuser based on a concatenation of a scrambled PSDU for the userconcatenated with a first plurality of zero bits, a count of zero bitsin the first plurality of zero bits is equal to the count of data padbits for the user; convert the scrambled PSDU bits for the user into aplurality of LDPC codewords for the user; generate a coded bitstream forthe user based on the plurality of LDPC codewords for the user;determine a count of coded pad bits for the user based on a count ofOrthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols for the user,the count of LDPC codewords for the user, and the LDPC codeword lengthfor the user; generate encoded padded bits for the user based on aconcatenation of bits of the coded bitstream for the user concatenatedwith a second plurality of zero bits, a count of zero bits in the secondplurality of zero bits is equal to the count of coded pad bits for theuser; distribute the encoded padded bits for the user to one or morespatial streams for the user based on a count of coded bits perconstellation point per spatial stream for the user; and transmit anEDMG OFDM PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) based on the one or more spatialstreams for the user.
 19. The product of claim 18, wherein theinstructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA to distribute aplurality of groups of the encoded padded bits for the user to aplurality of spatial streams for the user by distributing a first groupof encoded padded bits to a first spatial steam and distributing asecond group of encoded padded bits to a second spatial steam; andrepeating the distributing of the plurality of groups of the encodedpadded bits for the user to the plurality of spatial streams for theuser until all the encoded padded bits for the user are distributed overthe plurality of spatial streams for the user.
 20. The product of claim18, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA todetermine the count of coded pad bits for an i_(user)-th user, denotedN_(SYM_PADi_(user)), as follows:$N_{{SYM\_ PADi}_{user}} = {{N_{{SYMSi}_{user}} \cdot N_{SD} \cdot {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SSi}_{user}}}N_{{BPSCi}_{user}i_{SS}}}} - {N_{{CWi}_{user}} \cdot L_{{CW}\; i_{user}}}}$wherein N_(SYMSi) _(user) denotes the count of OFDM symbols for thei_(user)-th user, N_(SD) denotes a count of data subcarriers, N_(SSi)_(user) denotes a count of spatial streams for the i_(user)-th user,N_(BPSCi) _(user) _(i) _(SS) denotes a count of coded bits perconstellation point for the i_(user)-th user and an i_(SS)-th spatialstream, N_(CW i) _(user) denotes the count of LDPC codewords for thei_(user)-th user, and L_(CW i) _(user) denotes the LDPC codeword lengthfor the i_(user)-th user.
 21. The product of claim 18, wherein theinstructions, when executed, cause the EDMG STA to determine the countof OFDM symbols for an i_(user)-th user, denoted N_(SYMSi) _(user) , asfollows:$N_{{SYMSi}_{user}} = \left\lceil \frac{N_{{CW}\; i_{user}} \cdot L_{{CW}\; i_{user}}}{N_{SD} \cdot {\sum\limits_{i_{SS} = 1}^{N_{{SS}\; i_{user}}}N_{{BPSC}\; i_{user}i_{SS}}}} \right\rceil$wherein N_(CW i) _(user) denotes the count of LDPC codewords for thei_(user)-th user, L_(CW i) _(user) denotes the LDPC codeword length forthe i_(user)-th user, N_(SD) denotes a count of data subcarriers,N_(SSi) _(user) denotes a count of spatial streams for the i_(user)-thuser, and N_(BPSCi) _(user) _(i) _(SS) denotes a count of coded bits perconstellation point for the i_(user)-th user and an i_(SS)-th spatialstream.
 22. The product of claim 18, wherein the instructions, whenexecuted, cause the EDMG STA to transmit the EDMG OFDM PPDU comprisingan EDMG OFDM Multi User (MU) PPDU comprising a plurality of user PPDUsfor a respective plurality of users, and to align all of the pluralityof user PPDUs in time.
 23. An apparatus comprising: means for causing anEnhanced Directional Multi-Gigabit (DMG) (EDMG) wireless communicationstation (STA) to generate encoded padded bits for a user by: determininga count of data pad bits for a user based on a count of Low-DensityParity-Check (LDPC) codewords for the user, an LDPC codeword length forthe user, an LDPC code rate for the user, and a length of a PhysicalLayer (PHY) Service Data Unit (PSDU) for the user; determining scrambledPSDU bits for the user based on a concatenation of a scrambled PSDU forthe user concatenated with a first plurality of zero bits, a count ofzero bits in the first plurality of zero bits is equal to the count ofdata pad bits for the user; converting the scrambled PSDU bits for theuser into a plurality of LDPC codewords for the user; generating a codedbitstream for the user based on the plurality of LDPC codewords for theuser; determining a count of coded pad bits for the user based on acount of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) symbols forthe user, the count of LDPC codewords for the user, and the LDPCcodeword length for the user; and generating the encoded padded bits forthe user based on a concatenation of bits of the coded bitstream for theuser concatenated with a second plurality of zero bits, a count of zerobits in the second plurality of zero bits is equal to the count of codedpad bits for the user; means for causing the EDMG STA to distribute theencoded padded bits for the user to one or more spatial streams for theuser based on a count of coded bits per constellation point per spatialstream for the user; and means for causing the EDMG STA to transmit anEDMG OFDM PHY Protocol Data Unit (PPDU) based on the one or more spatialstreams for the user.
 24. The apparatus of claim 23 comprising means fordistributing a plurality of groups of the encoded padded bits for theuser to a plurality of spatial streams for the user by distributing afirst group of encoded padded bits to a first spatial steam anddistributing a second group of encoded padded bits to a second spatialsteam; and repeating the distributing of the plurality of groups of theencoded padded bits for the user to the plurality of spatial streams forthe user until all the encoded padded bits for the user are distributedover the plurality of spatial streams for the user.